Official name	City of St. Louis
Settlement type	Independent City
Nickname	Rome of the West, STL, Gateway to the West, Mound City
Image seal	SaintLouisSeal.png
Map caption	Location in the state of Missouri
Coordinates region	US-MO
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision type1	State
Subdivision type2	County
Subdivision type3	Metro
Subdivision name	United States
Subdivision name1	Missouri
Subdivision name2	Independent city
Subdivision name3	Greater St. Louis
Government type	Mayor–council government
Leader title	Mayor
Leader name	Francis G. Slay (D)
Established title	Founded
Established date	1764
Established title2	Incorporated
Established date2	1822
Area magnitude	1 E8
Area total km2	171.3
Area total sq mi	66.2
Area land km2	160.4
Area land sq mi	61.9
Area water km2	11.0
Area water sq mi	4.2
Population total	318,069 (58th)
Population as of	2011est
Population metro	2,812,896 (18th)
Population density km2	1,864
Population density sq mi	4,823
Population demonym	St. Louisan
Timezone	CST
Utc offset	−6
Timezone dst	CDT
Utc offset dst	−5
Postal code	63101-63130
Area code	314, 636
Latns	N
Coordinates	38°37′38″N90°11′52″N
Longew	W
Elevation ft	466
Elevation m	142
Elevation footnotes
Website	http://stlouis-mo.gov/

St. Louis (French: ''Saint-Louis'' or ''St-Louis'', ) is an independent city on the eastern border of Missouri, United States. With a population of 319,294, it was the 58th-largest U.S. city at the 2010 U.S. Census. The Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) population of 2,812,896 is the 18th-largest in the country. The Greater St. Louis combined statistical area's (CSA) population of 2,878,255 is the 16th-largest CSA in the country, the fourth-largest in the Midwest. The Greater St. Louis area is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri.

The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, and after the Louisiana Purchase, it became a major port on the Mississippi River. Its population expanded after the American Civil War, and it became the fourth-largest city in the United States in the late 19th century. It seceded from St. Louis County in March 1877, allowing it to become an independent city and limiting its political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the 1904 World's Fair and the 1904 Olympic Games. The city's population peaked in 1950, then began a long decline that reversed only at the beginning of the 21st century.

The economy of St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. The region is home to several major corporations: Express Scripts, Enterprise Rent-A-Car, Graybar Electric, Scottrade, Sigma-Aldrich, Anheuser-Busch, Edward Jones Investments, Emerson Electric, Energizer, and Monsanto. St. Louis is home to three professional sports teams: the St. Louis Cardinals, one of the most successful Major League Baseball clubs; the hockey St. Louis Blues, and the football St. Louis Rams. The city is commonly identified with the Gateway Arch, part of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial in downtown St. Louis.

History

The area that would become St. Louis was a center of Native American Mississippian culture, which built numerous temple and residential earthwork mounds in the region, giving the city its nickname, the "Mound City". European exploration of the area began in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France, and the earliest settlements in the area were built in Illinois during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, and Fort de Chartres. Migrants from the eastern French villages founded Ste. Genevieve, Missouri across the Mississippi River from Kaskaskia, and in early 1764, Pierre Laclède and his stepson Auguste Chouteau founded the city of St. Louis.

From 1764 to 1803 European control of the area west of the Mississippi to the northernmost part of the Missouri River basin, called Louisiana, was assumed by the Spanish as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. In 1765, St. Louis was made the capital of French Upper Louisiana, and after 1767, control of the region was given to the Spanish. In 1780, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native Americans, during the American Revolutionary War. St. Louis was transferred back to France in 1800, then sold to the United States in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase, and the city became the territorial capital. Shortly after the purchase, the Lewis and Clark Expedition left St. Louis in May 1804, reaching the Pacific Ocean in summer 1805, and returning on September 23, 1806. Both Lewis and Clark lived in St. Louis after the expedition. Many other explorers, settlers, and trappers (such as Ashley's Hundred) would later take a similar route to the West. The city elected its first municipal legislators (called trustees) in 1808.

Steamboats first arrived in St. Louis in 1818, improving connections with New Orleans and eastern markets. Missouri became a state in 1821, at which point the capital moved from St. Louis. However, St. Louis was incorporated as a city in 1822, and continued to see growth due to its port connections. Immigrants from Ireland and Germany arrived in St. Louis in significant numbers starting in the 1840s, and the population of St. Louis grew from less than 20,000 in 1840, to 77,860 in 1850, to more than 160,000 by 1860.

During the American Civil War, St. Louis was the site of significant divisions, although no combat took place in the city after the 1861 Camp Jackson Affair. The war hurt St. Louis economically, due to the blockade of river traffic to the South, although the St. Louis Arsenal constructed ironclads for the Union. St. Louis profited via trade with the West after the war, and in 1874, the city completed the Eads Bridge, the first bridge over the Mississippi River in the area. On August 22, 1876, the city of St. Louis voted to secede from St. Louis County and become an independent city, and industrial production continued to increase during the late 19th century. The city also produced a number of notable people in the fields of literature, including Tennessee Williams and T.S. Eliot, and major corporations such as the Anheuser-Busch brewery and Ralston-Purina company were established. St. Louis also was home to Desloge Consolidated Lead Company and several brass era automobile companies, including the Success Automobile Manufacturing Company; St. Louis also is the site of the Wainwright Building, an early skyscraper built in 1892.

In 1904, the city hosted the 1904 World's Fair and the 1904 Summer Olympics, becoming the first non-European city to host the Olympics. Proceeds from the fair provided the city with the St. Louis Art Museum and the Missouri History Museum.

Discrimination in housing and employment were common in St. Louis, and starting in the 1910s, many property deeds included racial or religious restrictive covenants. During World War II, the NAACP campaigned to integrate war factories, and restrictive covenants were prohibited in 1948 by the Shelley v. Kraemer U.S. Supreme Court decision, which originated as a lawsuit in St. Louis. However, de jure educational segregation continued into the 1950s, and de facto segregation continued into the 1970s, leading to a court challenge and interdistrict desegregation agreement.

St. Louis, like many Midwestern cities, expanded in the early 20th century due to the formation of many industrial companies and due to wartime housing shortages. It reached its peak population of 856,796 at the 1950 census. Suburbanization from the 1950s through the 1990s dramatically reduced the city's population, and although small increases in population were seen in the early 2000s, the city of St. Louis lost population from 2000 to 2010. Several urban renewal projects commenced in the 1950s, and the city achieved notoriety for its housing projects, particularly Pruitt-Igoe. Since the 1980s, revitalization efforts have focused on downtown St. Louis, and gentrification has taken place in the Washington Avenue Historic District. Because of the upturn in urban revitalization, St. Louis received the World Leadership Award for urban renewal in 2006.

Geography

Topography

According to the United States Census Bureau, St. Louis has a total area of 66.2 square miles (171.3 km²), of which 61.9 square miles (160.4 km²) is land and 4.2 square miles (11.0 km² or 6.39%) is water. The city is built primarily on bluffs and terraces that rise 100–200 feet above the western banks of the Mississippi River, in the Midwestern United States just south of the Missouri-Mississippi confluence. Much of the area is a fertile and gently rolling prairie that features low hills and broad, shallow valleys. Both the Mississippi River and the Missouri River have cut large valleys with wide flood plains.

Limestone and dolomite of the Mississippian epoch underlie the area, and parts of the city are karst in nature. This is particularly true of the city south of downtown, with numerous sinkholes and caves. Most of the caves in the city have been sealed, but many springs are visible along the riverfront. Coal, brick clay, and millerite ore were once mined in the city, and the predominant surface rock, the ''St. Louis Limestone'', is used as dimension stone and rubble for construction.

Near the southern boundary of the City of St. Louis (separating it from St. Louis County) is the River des Peres, virtually the only river or stream within the city limits that is not entirely underground. Most of River des Peres was confined to a channel or put underground in the 1920s and early 1930s. The lower section of the river was the site of some of the worst flooding of the Great Flood of 1993.

The Missouri River forms the northern border of St. Louis County, exclusive of a few areas where the river has changed its course. The Meramec River forms most of its southern border. To the east is the City and the Mississippi River.

Climate

St. Louis lies in the transitional zone between the humid continental climate type and the humid subtropical climate type (Köppen ''Dfa'' and ''Cfa'', respectively), with neither large mountains nor large bodies of water to moderate its temperature. It is subject to both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico. The city has four distinct seasons. Spring is the wettest season and produces severe weather ranging from tornadoes to winter storms. Summers are hot and humid, and temperatures of or higher occur between 35 and 40 days a year, while days of or higher occur usually no more than five days per year. Fall is mild with lower humidity and can produce intermittent bouts of heavy rainfall with the first snow flurries usually forming in early or mid November. Winters can be cold and snowy with temperatures frequently below freezing. Winter storm systems, such as Alberta Clippers and Panhandle hooks, can bring days of heavy freezing rain, ice pellets, and snowfall.

The average annual temperature recorded at nearby Lambert-St. Louis International Airport, is , and average precipitation is . The normal high temperature in July is , and the normal low temperature in January is , although this varies from year to year. Both and temperatures can be seen on an average 2 or 3 days per year. The official record low is on January 5, 1884, although there were unofficial readings of on January 29, 1873 and on January 1, 1864; and the record high is on July 14, 1954.

Winter (December through February) is the driest season, with an average of precipitation. The average seasonal snowfall is . Spring (March through May), is typically the wettest season, with of precipitation. Dry spells lasting one to two weeks are common during the growing seasons.

St. Louis experiences thunderstorms 48 days a year on average. Especially in the spring, these storms can often be severe, with high winds, large hail and tornadoes. Lying within the hotbed of Tornado Alley, St. Louis reigns as one of the most frequently tornadic metropolitan areas, and has an extensive history of particularly damaging tornadoes.

Some late autumns feature the warm weather known as Indian summer; some years see roses in bloom as late as early December.

Flora and fauna

Before the founding of the city, the area was prairie and open forest maintained by burning by Native Americans. Trees are mainly oak, maple, and hickory, similar to the forests of the nearby Ozarks; common understory trees include Eastern Redbud, Serviceberry, and Flowering Dogwood. Riparian areas are forested with mainly American sycamore. Most of the residential area of the city is planted with large native shade trees. The largest native forest area is found in Forest Park. In Autumn, the changing color of the trees is notable. Most species here are typical of the Eastern Woodland, although numerous decorative non-native species are found; the most notable invasive species is Japanese honeysuckle, which is actively removed from some parks.

Large mammals found in the city include urbanized coyotes and usually a White-tailed deer. Eastern Gray Squirrel, Cottontail rabbit, and other rodents are abundant, as well as the nocturnal Virginia Opossum. Large bird species are abundant in parks and include Canada goose, Mallard duck, as well as shorebirds, including the Great Egret and Great Blue Heron. Gulls are common along the Mississippi River; these species typically follow barge traffic. Winter populations of Bald Eagles are found by the Mississippi River around the Chain of Rocks Bridge. The city is on the Mississippi Flyway, used by migrating birds, and has a large variety of small bird species, common to the eastern US. The Eurasian Tree Sparrow, an introduced species, is limited in North America to the counties surrounding St. Louis. Tower Grove Park is a well-known birdwatching area in the city.

Frogs are commonly found in the springtime, especially after extensive wet periods. Common species include the American toad and species of chorus frogs commonly called spring peepers that are found in nearly every pond. Some years have outbreaks of cicadas or ladybugs. Mosquitos and houseflies are common insect nuisances; because of this, windows are nearly universally fitted with screens, and screened-in porches are common in homes of the area. Invasive populations of honeybees have sharply declined in recent years, and numerous native species of pollinator insects have recovered to fill their ecological niche.

Demographics

According to the 2010 United States Census, in the city of St. Louis, there were 319,294 people living in 142,057 households, of which 67,488 households were families. The population density was 5,158.2 people per square mile (1,990.6/km²). The age distribution of the city showed approximately 24% of the population was 19 or younger, 9% were 20 to 24, 31% were 25 to 44, 25% were 45 to 64, and 11% were 65 or older. The median age was approximately 34 years. The racial makeup of the city of St. Louis was approximately 49.2% African-American, 43.9% Caucasian (42.2% Non-Hispanic Caucasian), 2.9% Asian, 0.3% Native American/Alaska Native, and 2.4% reporting two or more races. 3.5% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.

19% of the city's housing units were vacant, and slightly less than half of these were vacant structures not for sale or rent. In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $29,156, and the median income for a family was $32,585. Males had a median income of $31,106 versus $26,987 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,108.

St. Louis experienced slow growth from its founding in the 1760s through the American Civil War, and after the war it grew quickly with industrialization, reaching its peak population in 1950. In 1950, the Census Bureau reported St. Louis' population as 82% Caucasian and 17.9% Black. It experienced a population shift to the suburbs in the 20th century; first because of increased demand for new housing following World War II, and later white flight from older neighborhoods to newer ones.

In 2010, the city of St. Louis was awarded for being one of the most generous large cities in the United States for online monetary donations and has also been recognized for having an extremely high volunteer rate in comparison to other major U.S cities.

United States Census Population
! Year
! Population	160,773	310,864	350,518	451,770	575,238	687,029	772,897				750,026	622,236	452,801	396,685	348,189	319,294
! U.S. Rank	8		6	5			6	7	8	8	10	18	26	34	51	58

Economy

According to the 2007 Economic Census, manufacturing in the city conducted nearly $11 billion in business, followed by the healthcare and social service industry with $3.5 billion, professional or technical services with $3.1 billion, and the retail trade with $2.5 billion. The sector employing the largest number of workers in the city was the healthcare sector with 34,000 workers, followed by administrative and support jobs with 24,000 workers, manufacturing with 21,000 workers, and food service with 20,000 workers.

The rivers of St. Louis play a large role in moving goods, especially bulk commodities such as grain, coal, salt, and certain chemicals and petroleum products. The Port of St. Louis in 2004 was the third-largest inland port by tonnage in the country, and the 21st-largest of any sort.

Major companies and institutions

As of 2011, the St. Louis area is home to nine Fortune 500 companies, including Express Scripts, Emerson Electric, Monsanto, Reinsurance Group of America, Ameren, Charter Communications, Peabody Energy, Graybar Electric, and Centene. Other notable corporations from the area include Cassidy Turley, Edward Jones Investments, ATT Communications, Scottrade, Wells Fargo Advisors (formerly A.G. Edwards), Energizer Holdings, Furniture Brands International, Post Holdings, Inc., United Van Lines and Mayflower Transit, Ralcorp, Hardee's, and Enterprise Holdings (parent company of several car rental companies). Significant healthcare and biotechnology institutions with operations in St. Louis include Pfizer, the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, the Solae Company, Sigma-Aldrich, and Multidata Systems International.

Although it was purchased by Belgium-based InBev, Anheuser-Busch continues its presence in the city, as does Mallinckrodt Incorporated in spite of its purchase by Tyco International. The May Department Stores Company (which owned Famous-Barr and Marshall Field's stores) was purchased by Federated Department Stores, but Federated maintained its regional headquarters in the area. General Motors continues to produce railroad cars in the St. Louis area, although Chrysler closed its production facility in the region, which was located in Fenton, Missouri. Despite its purchase by Nestle, Ralston Purina remained headquartered in St. Louis as a wholly owned subsidiary. St. Louis is also home to Boeing Phantom Works (formerly McDonnell-Douglas). In addition, the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in downtown is one of two federal reserve banks in Missouri.

Culture

With its French past and numerous Catholic immigrants in the 19th and 20th centuries, St. Louis is a center of Roman Catholicism in the United States. St. Louis also boasts the largest Ethical Culture Society in the U.S. Several places of worship in the city also are noteworthy, such as the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, home of the world's largest mosaic installation.

Many cultural attractions are located in the Greater St. Louis area, such as the Gateway Arch and the Delmar Loop. The city is also defined by music and the performing arts, especially its association with blues, jazz, and ragtime. St. Louis is home to the second-oldest symphony orchestra in the United States, and until 2010, it was also home to one of the oldest classical music FM radio stations west of the Mississippi River.

Unique city and regional cuisine includes toasted ravioli, gooey butter cake, Provel cheese, the slinger, the Gerber sandwich, the St. Paul sandwich, and St. Louis style pizza.

Sports

St. Louis is home to professional Major League Baseball, National Football League, and National Hockey League teams, notable collegiate-level soccer teams, and has hosted several collegiate sports tournaments.

+ Professional sports teams in St. Louis
!Club	!Sport	!League	!Venue
St. Louis Cardinals	Baseball	Major League Baseball	Busch Stadium
St. Louis Rams	American football	National Football League	Edward Jones Dome
St. Louis Blues	Ice hockey	National Hockey League	Scottrade Center

Professional sports

The St. Louis Cardinals, one of the oldest franchises in Major League Baseball, have accumulated 11 World Series titles, with the most recent being in 2011, and two minor league baseball teams play in the area, the Gateway Grizzlies and the River City Rascals. The St. Louis Rams, an American football NFL team, play at the Edward Jones Dome and have won one Super Bowl championship. The St. Louis Blues, a franchise of the National Hockey League, play at the Scottrade Center, and the region hosts NHRA drag racing and NASCAR events at the Gateway International Raceway in Madison, Illinois.

Amateur sports

At the collegiate level, St. Louis has hosted the Final Four of both the women's and men's college basketball NCAA Division I championship tournaments, and the Frozen Four collegiate ice hockey tournament. Although the area does not support a National Basketball Association team, it hosts an American Basketball Association team called the St. Louis Pioneers. St. Louis University has won 10 NCAA Men's Soccer Championships, and the city has hosted the College Cup several times. In addition to collegiate soccer, St. Louisans have played for the United States men's national soccer team, and 20 St. Louisans have been elected into the National Soccer Hall of Fame. St. Louis also is the origin of the sport of corkball, a type of baseball in which there is no base running.

Parks

The city operates more than 100 parks, with amenities that include sports facilities, playgrounds, concert areas, picnic areas, and lakes. Forest Park, located on the western edge of city, is the largest park in the city, although it is not the largest park in the region. Another significant park in the city is the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, a National Memorial located on the riverfront in downtown St. Louis. The centerpiece of the park is the 630 feet (192 m) tall Gateway Arch, designed by noted architect Eero Saarinen and completed on October 28, 1965. Also part of the park is the Old Courthouse, where the first two trials of ''Dred Scott v. Sandford'' were held in 1847 and 1850.

Other notable parks in the city include the Missouri Botanical Garden, Tower Grove Park, and Citygarden. The Missouri Botanical Garden, a private garden and botanical research facility, includes the Climatron, a greenhouse built as a geodesic dome. Immediately south of the Missouri Botanical Garden is Tower Grove Park, a gift to the City by Henry Shaw. Citygarden is an urban sculpture park located in downtown St. Louis, with art from Fernand Léger, Aristide Maillol, Julian Opie, Tom Otterness, Niki de Saint Phalle, and Mark di Suvero. The park is also divided into three sections, each of which represent a different theme: river bluffs; flood plains; and urban gardens. The park also has a restaurant – The Terrace View. Another downtown sculpture park is the Serra Sculpture Park, with the 1982 Richard Serra sculpture ''Twain''.

Government

The city of St. Louis has a mayor-council government with legislative authority vested in the Board of Aldermen of the City of St. Louis and with executive authority in the Mayor of St. Louis and six other separately elected officials. The Board of Aldermen is made up of 28 members (one elected from each of the city's wards) plus a board president who is elected city-wide. As of 2008, 257,442 registered voters lived in the city.

Local and regional government

Municipal elections in St. Louis city are held in odd numbered years, with the primary elections in March and the general election in April. The mayor is elected in odd numbered years following the United States Presidential Election, as are the aldermen representing odd-numbered wards. The President of the Board of Aldermen and the aldermen from even-numbered wards are elected in the off-years. The Democratic Party has dominated St. Louis city politics for decades. The city has not had a Republican mayor since 1949 and the last time a Republican was elected to another city-wide office was in the 1970s. As of 2006, 27 of the city's 28 Aldermen are Democrats.

Although St. Louis City and County separated in 1876, some mechanisms have been put in place for joint funding management and funding of regional assets. The St. Louis Zoo-Museum district collects property taxes from residents of both St. Louis City and County and the funds are used to support cultural institutions including the St. Louis Zoo, St. Louis Art Museum and the Missouri Botanical Gardens. Similarly, the Metropolitan Sewer District provides sanitary and storm sewer service to the city and much of St. Louis County. The Bi-State Development Agency (now known as Metro) runs the region's MetroLink light rail system and bus system.

State and federal government

The city of St. Louis is represented by eleven districts in the Missouri House of Representatives: the 57th, 58th, 59th, 60th, 61st, 63rd, 65th, 67th and 108th are entirely within the city limits, while the 64th and 66th include part of the city and part of St. Louis County. Two Missouri State Senate districts, the 4th and 5th, are entirely within the city, while the 1st Senate district includes part of the city and part of St. Louis County.

The City of St. Louis is split roughly in half north to south by Missouri's 1st and 3rd U.S. Congressional districts. The 1st is represented by Lacy Clay and the 3rd by Russ Carnahan. Both are members of the Democratic Party; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of St. Louis in the U.S. House since 1949. Each district also includes a significant portion of St. Louis County. Both the city and county lost population in the 2010 Census which contributed to Missouri losing a Congressional seat effective 2013. Initial redistricting maps indicate that the 3rd district would be absorbed into the 1st district placing Carnahan and Clay in the same district and giving St. Louis only one representative in Congress.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri are based in the Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse in downtown St. Louis. St. Louis is also home to a Federal Reserve System branch, the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) also maintains major facilities in the St. Louis area.

Crime

Since the mid 1990s, St. Louis index crime rates have declined, although homicide rates in the city of St. Louis have remained higher than the United States national average. St. Louis also frequently is ranked among the "most dangerous" in the country by CQ Press, although these rankings are controversial and do not reflect the crime rate of Greater St. Louis.

Education

The St. Louis Public Schools serves the city of St. Louis with 77 schools, and it is run by a state appointed board. With more than 25,000 students, the district is the largest in Greater St. Louis. The city of St. Louis has several private high schools, both secular and religiously affiliated, including numerous Catholic and Lutheran schools.

According to the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, the city of St. Louis is home to two national research universities: Washington University in St. Louis and Saint Louis University.

Media

Greater St. Louis commands the 21st largest media market in the United States, a position it has held with little variation for more than ten years. All of the major U.S. television networks have affiliates in St. Louis, including KTVI 2 (Fox), KMOV 4 (CBS), KSDK 5 (NBC), KETC 9 (PBS), KPLR-TV 11 (CW), KDNL 30 (ABC), WRBU 46 (MNTV), and WPXS 51 Daystar Television Network. Among the most popular radio stations in the St. Louis area are KMOX (AM sports and talk), KLOU (FM oldies), WIL-FM (FM country), WARH (FM adult hits), and KSLZ (FM top 40 mainstream). St. Louis also supports public radio with KWMU, an NPR affiliate, and community radio with KDHX.

The ''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'' is the region's major daily newspaper. Other newspapers in the region include the ''Suburban Journals'', serving parts of St. Louis County, while the primary alternative newspaper is the ''Riverfront Times''. Three weeklies serve the African-American community: the ''St. Louis Argus'', the ''St. Louis American'', and the ''St. Louis Sentinel''. ''St. Louis Magazine'', a local monthly magazine, covers topics such as local history, cuisine, and lifestyles, while the weekly ''St. Louis Business Journal'' provides coverage of regional business news. St. Louis is also home to the nation's last remaining metropolitan journalism review, the ''Gateway Journalism Review'', based at Webster University in the suburb of Webster Groves. Furthermore, St. Louis is served by an online newspaper, the ''St. Louis Beacon'', which operates in partnership and shares facilities with KETC 9 TV.

Infrastructure

Transportation

The city of St. Louis is served by four interstates and several U.S. highways and state roadways. Although there are no airports within the city limits, the city owns and operates Lambert-St. Louis International Airport, located in northwest St. Louis County. Freight rail and passenger rail service operate in the city on tracks owned by BNSF Railway, with passenger service provided by Amtrak and served at the Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center in downtown St. Louis. Rapid transit and commuter rail service in the city is provided by MetroLink, while bus service is provided by MetroBus, both of which are owned and operated by the Bi-State Development Agency. St. Louis also maintains a port authority for river shipping, and taxicabs are regulated within the city.

Healthcare

St. Louis is a center of medicine and biotechnology. The Washington University School of Medicine is affiliated with the Barnes-Jewish Hospital, the fifth largest in the world. The School of Medicine is also affiliated with St. Louis Children's Hospital, one of the country's top pediatric hospitals. Both hospitals are owned by BJC HealthCare. The School of Medicine ranks in the top five nationally. Washington University School of Medicine and Barnes-Jewish Hospital operate the Siteman Cancer Center. The school's Genome Sequencing Center played a major role in the Human Genome Project. Saint Louis University Medical School is affiliated with Tenet's Saint Louis University Hospital and SSM Health Care's Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital. It also has a cancer center, vaccine research center and a bioethics institute. Several different organizations operate hospitals in the area, including BJC HealthCare, SSM Health Care, Tenet and St. John's Mercy Healthcare, with operates St. John's Mercy Medical Center.

Architecture and neighborhoods

St. Louis possesses several significant examples of 19th century architecture, such as the early stone construction Emmanuel DeHodiamont House, the Greek Revival style Chatillon-DeMenil House in the Soulard neighborhood, the Victorian era Campbell House, and the Wainwright Building, an early Louis Sullivan skyscraper. The city is divided into 79 government-designated neighborhoods. The neighborhood divisions have no legal standing, although some neighborhood associations administer grants or hold veto power over historic-district development.

Sister cities

St. Louis has fifteen sister cities. – Bologna, Italy – Bogor, Indonesia – Brčko, Bosnia and Herzegovina – Donegal, Co. Donegal, Ireland – Galway, Co. Galway, Ireland – Georgetown, Guyana – Lyon, France – Nanjing, China – Saint-Louis, Senegal – Samara, Russia – San Luis Potosí, Mexico – Stuttgart, Germany – Suwa, Japan – Szczecin, Poland – Wuhan, China

See also

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis

Caves of St. Louis

Great Flood of 1993

Heat wave of 2006 derecho series

LaClede Town

List of Mayors of St. Louis

History of the Jews in St. Louis, Missouri

National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis (city, A–L), Missouri

National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis (city, M-Z), Missouri

St. Louis in the Civil War

St. Louis smog episode (1939)

References

External links

Built St. Louis

St. Louis Convention & Visitors Bureau

St. Louis Regional Chamber and Growth Association

Category:Communities on U.S. Route 66 Category:Host cities of the Summer Olympic Games Category:Independent cities in the United States Category:Populated places established in 1764 Category:Populated places in Missouri with African American majority populations Category:Missouri populated places on the Mississippi River Category:United States colonial and territorial capitals Category:Regions of Greater St. Louis

af:St. Louis ar:سانت لويس، ميزوري an:Saint Louis (Missouri) az:Sent-Lüis zh-min-nan:St. Louis, Missouri be:Горад Сент-Луіс be-x-old:Сэнт-Люіс bg:Сейнт Луис bs:Saint Louis, Missouri br:Saint-Louis ca:Saint Louis (Missouri) cs:St. Louis da:St. Louis de:St. Louis et:Saint Louis es:San Luis (Misuri) eo:Sankta Luiso eu:Saint Louis (Missouri) fa:سنت لوئیس fr:Saint-Louis (Missouri) ga:St. Louis gd:St. Louis gl:St. Louis, Missouri ko:세인트루이스 hr:St. Louis, Missouri io:Saint Louis, Missouri id:St. Louis, Missouri ia:St. Louis, Missouri os:Сент-Луис is:St. Louis it:Saint Louis (Missouri) he:סנט לואיס kn:ಸೈಂಟ್ ಲೂಯಿಸ್ pam:St. Louis, Missouri ka:სენტ-ლუისი sw:St. Louis, Missouri ht:Saint Louis, Missouri la:Urbs Sancti Ludovici lv:Sentluisa lt:Sent Luisas lmo:Saint Louis hu:Saint Louis (Missouri) mk:Сент Луис (Мисури) mg:St. Louis, Missouri mr:सेंट लुईस ms:St. Louis, Missouri nl:Saint Louis (Missouri) ja:セントルイス no:St. Louis oc:Saint Louis (Missorí) pms:Saint Louis nds:St. Louis pl:Saint Louis pt:St. Louis (Missouri) ro:Saint Louis, Missouri qu:St. Louis (Missouri) ru:Сент-Луис sco:St. Louis, Missouri simple:St. Louis, Missouri sk:St. Louis sr:Сент Луис sh:St. Louis fi:Saint Louis sv:Saint Louis tl:Saint Louis, Missouri ta:செயின்ட் லூயிஸ் (மிசூரி) te:సెయింట్ లూయిస్ th:เซนต์หลุยส์ tr:St. Louis, Missouri uk:Сент-Луїс (Міссурі) vi:St. Louis, Missouri vo:Saint Louis (Missouri) war:St. Louis, Missouri bat-smg:Sent Loisos (Mėsūrės) zh:圣路易斯 (密苏里州)

Charlie Chan is a fictional Chinese-American detective created by Earl Derr Biggers. Loosely based on Honolulu detective Chang Apana, Biggers conceived of the benevolent and heroic Chan as an alternative to Yellow Peril stereotypes, such as villains like Fu Manchu. Chan is a detective for the Honolulu police, though many stories feature Chan traveling the world as he investigates mysteries and solves crimes.

Chan first appeared in Biggers' novels, but went on to be featured in a number of media. Over four dozen films featuring Charlie Chan have been made, beginning in 1926. The character was at first portrayed by Asian actors, and the films met with little success. In 1931, the Fox Film Corporation cast Swedish actor Warner Oland as Chan in ''Charlie Chan Carries On''; the film was a success, and Fox went on to produce 15 more Chan films with Oland in the title role. After Oland's death, American actor Sidney Toler was cast as Chan; Toler made 22 Chan films, first for Fox and then for Monogram Studios. After Toler's death, six more films were made, starring Roland Winters.

In addition, a number of Spanish- and Chinese-language Chan films were made during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. American-made Chan films were shown in China to much success, where the character was popular and respected. More recent film adaptations in the 1990s have been unsuccessful. The character has also been featured in several radio programs, two television shows, and a number of comics.

Interpretations of Chan by critics are split, especially as relates to his ethnicity. Positive assessors of Chan argue that he is portrayed as intelligent, benevolent and honorable — in contrast to the adverse depictions of evil or conniving Chinese then current on page and screen. Others state that Chan, despite his good qualities, reinforces certain Asian stereotypes, such as an alleged incapacity to speak fluent English and the possession of an overly tradition-bound and subservient nature.

Books

The character of Charlie Chan was created by Earl Derr Biggers. In 1919, while on vacation in Hawaii, Biggers planned a detective novel to be called ''The House Without a Key''. He did not begin to write the novel until four years later, however, when he was inspired to add a Chinese American police officer to the plot after reading in a newspaper of Chang Apana (鄭阿平) and Lee Fook, two Chinese-American detectives on the Honolulu police force. Biggers, who disliked the Yellow Peril stereotypes he found when he came to California, explicitly conceived of the character as an alternative to them: "Sinister and wicked Chinese are old stuff, but an amiable Chinese on the side of law and order has never been used."

The "amiable Chinese" made his first appearance in ''The House Without a Key'' (1925). The character was not central to the novel and was not mentioned by name on the dustjacket of the first edition. In the novel, Chan is described as walking with "the light dainty step of a woman" and as being "very fat indeed ... an undistinguished figure in his Western clothes." According to critic Sandra Hawley, this description of Chan allows Biggers to portray the character as non-threatening, the opposite of such evil Chinese characters as Fu Manchu, while simultaneously emphasizing supposedly Chinese characteristics such as impassivity and stoicism.

Film, radio, and television adaptations

Films

The first Charlie Chan film was ''The House without a Key'' (1926), a 10-chapter serial produced by Pathé Studios, starring George Kuwa, a Japanese actor, as Chan. A year later Universal Pictures followed the film with ''The Chinese Parrot'', starring another Japanese actor, Kamiyama Sojin, in the starring role. In both productions, Charlie Chan's role was minimized. Contemporary reviews were unfavorable; in the words of one reviewer, speaking of ''The Chinese Parrot'', Sojin plays "the Chink sleuth as a Lon Chaney cook-waiter ... because Chaney can't stoop that low."

In 1929, the Fox Film Corporation acquired the rights to Charlie Chan and produced ''Behind That Curtain'', starring Korean actor E.L. Park. Again, Chan's role was minimized, with Chan appearing only in the last 10 minutes of the film. Not until a white actor was cast in the title role did a Chan film meet with success, beginning with 1931's ''Charlie Chan Carries On'', starring Swedish actor Warner Oland as Chan. Oland, who claimed some Mongolian ancestry, played the character as much more gentle and self-effacing than he had been in the books, perhaps in "a deliberate attempt by the studio to downplay such an uppity attitude in a Chinese detective." Oland starred in 15 more Chan films for Fox, often with Keye Luke, who played Chan's "Number One Son", Lee Chan. Oland's "warmth and gentle humor" helped make the character and films quite popular; the Oland Chan films were among Fox's most successful of the period, attracting "major audiences and box-office grosses on a par with A's" and "[keeping] Fox afloat" during the Great Depression.

Oland died in 1938, and the Chan film he had been working on, ''Charlie Chan at the Ringside'', was transformed at the last minute into ''Mr. Moto's Gamble'', an entry in the Mr. Moto series, another contemporary series featuring an Asian protagonist; Luke still appeared as Lee Chan, not only in already shot footage but also in scenes with Moto actor Peter Lorre. Fox hired another white actor, Sidney Toler, to play Charlie Chan, and produced 11 more Chan films through 1942. Toler's Chan was less mild-mannered than Oland's, a "switch in attitude that did much to add some of the vigor of the original books to the films." He is frequently accompanied, and irritated, by his Number Two Son, Jimmy Chan, played by Sen Yung.

When Fox decided not to produce any further Chan films, Sidney Toler purchased the film rights. Producers Philip N. Krasne and James S. Burkett of Monogram Pictures decided to release further Chan films, starring Toler. The budget for each film was reduced from Fox's average of $200,000 to $75,000. For the first time, Chan was portrayed on occasion as "openly contemptuous of his suspects and superiors." African-American actor Mantan Moreland was hired as regular character Birmingham Brown, a fact which led to criticism of the Monogram films in the forties and since; some call these performances "brilliant comic turns", while others describe Moreland's roles as an offensive and embarrassing stereotype. Toler died in 1947 and was succeeded by Roland Winters for a final six films. Keye Luke, missing from the series after 1938's Mr.Moto rework, returned as Charlie's son in the last two entries.

Spanish-language adaptations

Three Spanish-language Charlie Chan films were made in the 1930s and 1950s. The first of these, ''Eran Trece (There Were Thirteen)'' (1931), is a Spanish-language version of ''Charlie Chan Carries On'' (1931). The two films were made concurrently and followed the same production schedule, with each scene being filmed twice the same day, once in English and once in Spanish. The film followed essentially the same script as the English-language version, with minor additions such as short songs and skits and some changes to characters' names (for example, the character Elmer Benbow was renamed Frank Benbow). A Cuban production, ''La Serpiente Roja'', followed in 1937. In 1955, Producciones Cub-Mex produced a Mexican version of Charlie Chan called ''El Monstruo en la Sombra'' (Monster in the Shadow), starring Orlando Rodriguez as "Chan Li Po" (Charlie Chan in the original script). The film was inspired by ''La Serpiente Roja'' (The red serpent) as well as the American Warner Oland films.

Chinese-language adaptations

During the 1930s and 1940s, at least five Chan films were produced in Shanghai and Hong Kong. In these films, Chan owns his own detective agency and is aided, not by a son, but by a daughter, Manna, played first by Gu Meijun (顾梅君) in the Shanghai productions and then by Bai Yan (白燕) in post-war Hong Kong.

Chinese audiences also watched the original American Charlie Chan films. They were by far the most popular American films in 1930s China and among overseas Chinese; "one of the reasons for this acceptance was this was the first time Chinese audiences saw a positive Chinese character in an American film, a sharp departure from the sinister Oriental stereotypes in earlier movies like ''Thief of Baghdad'' and ''Welcome Danger'', which incited riots that shut down the Shanghai theater showing it." Oland's visit to China was reported extensively in Chinese newspapers, and the actor was respectfully called "Mr. Chan".

Modern adaptations

In 1980, Jerry Shylock began production on comedy film to be called ''Charlie Chan and the Dragon Lady''. A group calling itself C.A.N. (Coalition of Asians to Nix) was formed, protesting the fact that non-Chinese actors, Peter Ustinov and Angie Dickinson, had been cast in the primary roles. Others protested that the film itself contained a number of stereotypes; Shylock responded that the film was not a documentary. The film was released the following year as ''Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen'' and was an "abysmal failure." An updated film version of the character was planned in the 1990s by Miramax; this new Charlie Chan was to be "hip, slim, cerebral, sexy and... a martial-arts master," but the film did not come to fruition. Actress Lucy Liu is slated to star in and executive-produce a new Charlie Chan film for Fox. The film has been in preproduction since 2000; as of 2009 it is still slated to be produced.

===Radio=== On radio, Charlie Chan was heard in different series on four networks (Blue, NBC, ABC, MBS) between 1932 and 1948. Walter Connolly initially portrayed Chan as part of Esso Oil's ''Five Star Theater'', which serialized adaptations of Biggers novels. Ed Begley, Sr. had the title role in NBC's ''The Adventures of Charlie Chan'' (1944–45), followed by Santos Ortega (1947–48). Leon Janney and Rodney Jacobs were heard as Lee Chan, Number One Son, and Dorian St. George was the program's announcer. ''Radio Life'' magazine described Begley's Chan as "a good radio match for Sidney Toler's beloved film enactment."

Television adaptations

From 1956-57, ''The New Adventures of Charlie Chan'', starring J. Carrol Naish in the title role, were made independently for TV syndication in a series of 39 episodes, by Television Programs of America. The series was filmed in England. In this series, Chan is based in London rather than the United States. Ratings were poor, and the series was quickly canceled.

In the 1960s, Joey Forman played an obvious parody of Chan named "Harry Hoo" in two episodes of ''Get Smart''.

In the 1970s, Hanna-Barbera produced an animated series called ''The Amazing Chan and the Chan Clan''. Keye Luke, who had played Chan's son in many Chan films of the 1930s and '40s, lent his voice to Charlie, who had a much-expanded vocabulary this time around. The series focused, however, on Chan's children, played mostly by Asian-American child actors. Jodie Foster alternated with Leslie Kumamota in voicing Chan's daughter Anne.

''The Return of Charlie Chan'', a television film starring Ross Martin as Chan, was made in 1971 but was not aired until 1979.

Comics and games

A ''Charlie Chan'' comic strip, drawn by Alfred Andriola, was distributed by the McNaught Syndicate beginning October 24, 1938. Andriola was chosen by Biggers to draw the character. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the strip was dropped at the end of May 1942.

Over decades, several other Charlie Chan comic books have been published: Joe Simon and Jack Kirby created Prize Comics' ''Charlie Chan'' (1948) which ran for five issues. It was followed by a Charlton Comics title (four issues, 1955). DC Comics published ''The New Adventures of Charlie Chan'', a 1958 tie-in with the TV series; the DC series lasted for six issues. Dell Comics did the title for two issues in 1965. In the 1970s, Gold Key Comics published a short-lived series of Chan comics based directly on the Hanna-Barbera animated series.

In addition, a board game, ''The Great Charlie Chan Detective Mystery Game'' (1937), and a ''Charlie Chan Card Game'' (1939), have been released.

Modern interpretations and criticism

The character of Charlie Chan has been the subject of much controversy. Some find the character to be a positive role model, while others argue that Chan is an offensive stereotype. Critic John Soister argues that Charlie Chan is both; when Biggers created the character, he offered a unique alternative to stereotypical evil Chinamen who was at the same time "sufficiently accommodating in personality... unthreatening in demeanor... and removed from his Asian homeland... to quell any underlying xenophobia."

Critic Michael Brodhead argues that "Biggers's sympathetic treatment of the Charlie Chan novels convinces the reader that their author consciously and forthrightly spoke out for the Chinese - a people to be not only accepted but admired. Biggers's sympathetic treatment of the Chinese both reflected and contributed to the greater acceptance of the Chinese in America in the first third of [the twentieth] century." S. T. Karnick writes in the ''National Review'' that Chan is "a brilliant detective with understandably limited facility in the English language [whose] powers of observation, logic, and personal rectitude and humility made him an exemplary, entirely honorable character." Ellery Queen called Biggers's characterization of Charlie Chan "a service to humanity and to inter-racial relations." Luke agreed; when asked if he thought that the character was demeaning to the race, he responded, "Demeaning to the race? My God! You've got a ''Chinese hero!''" and "[W]e were making the best damn murder mysteries in Hollywood."

Other critics, such as Yen Le Espiratu and Huang Guiyou, argue that Chan, while portrayed positively in some ways, is not on a par with white characters, but a "benevolent Other" who is "one-dimensional." The films' extensive use of white actors to portray Asian characters indicates the character's "absolute Oriental Otherness;" the films were only successful when they were "the domain of white actors who impersonated slant-eyed, heavily-accented masters of murder mysteries as well as purveyors of cryptic proverbs in what Eugene Wong calls a 'racist cosmetology.'" Chan's character "embodies the stereotypes and stigmas of Chinese Americans, particularly of males: smart, subservient, effeminate." Chan is representative of a model minority, the good stereotype that counters a bad stereotype: "Each stereotypical image is filled with contradictions: the bloodthirsty Indian is tempered with the image of the noble savage; the ''bandido'' exists along with the loyal sidekick; and Fu Manchu is offset by Charlie Chan." However, Fu Manchu's evil qualities are presented as inherently Chinese, while Charlie Chan's good qualities are exceptional; "Fu represents his race; his counterpart stands away from the other Asian Hawaiians."

In June, 2003, the Fox Movie Channel discontinued a planned Charlie Chan Festival, soon after beginning restoration for special cablecasting, after a special interest group protested. Fox reversed its decision two months later in August, 2003, and on September 13, 2003, the first film in the festival was aired Fox. The films, when broadcast on the Fox Movie Channel, were followed by round table discussions by prominent Asian-Americans in the entertainment industry, led by George Takei, most of whom were against the films. Collections such as Frank Chin's ''Aiiieeee! An Anthology of Asian-American Writers'' and Jessica Hagedorn's ''Charlie Chan is Dead'' are put forth as alternatives to the Charlie Chan stereotype and "[articulate] cultural anger and exclusion as their animating force." Fox began releasing the restored versions on DVD in 2006; as of mid-2008, Fox has released all of the extant Warner Oland titles and has begun issuing the Sidney Toler series. The first six Monogram productions, all starring Sidney Toler, were released by MGM in 2004.

Some modern critics, particularly Asian-Americans, dismiss the Charlie Chan character as "bovine" and "asexual", allowing "white America ... [to be] securely indifferent about us as men." Charlie Chan's good qualities are the product of what Frank Chin and Jeffery Chan call "racist love", arguing that Chan is a model minority and "kissass". Fletcher Chan, however, argues that the Chan of Biggers's novels is not subservient to whites, citing ''The Chinese Parrot'' as an example; in this novel, Chan's eyes blaze with anger at racist remarks and in the end, after exposing the murderer, Chan remarks "Perhaps listening to a 'Chinaman' is no disgrace." In the films, both ''Charlie Chan in London'' (1934) and ''Charlie Chan in Paris'' (1935) "contain scenes in which Chan coolly and wittily dispatches other characters' racist remarks."

Bibliography

Biggers, Earl Derr. ''The House Without a Key''. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1925.

—. ''The Chinese Parrot''. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1926.

—. ''Behind That Curtain''. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1928.

—. ''The Black Camel''. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1929.

—. ''Charlie Chan Carries On''. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1930.

—. ''Keeper of the Keys''. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1932.

Davis, Robert Hart. ''Charlie Chan in The Temple of the Golden Horde''. 1974. ''Charlie Chan's Mystery Magazine''. Reprinted by Wildside Press, 2003. ISBN 1-59224-014-3.

Lynds, Dennis. ''Charlie Chan Returns''. New York: Bantam Books, 1974. ASIN B000CD3I22.

Pronzini, Bill, and Jeffrey M. Wallmann. ''Charlie Chan in the Pawns of Death''. 1974. ''Charlie Chan's Mystery Magazine''. Reprinted by Borgo Press, 2003. ISBN 978-1-59224-010-4.

Avallone, Michael. ''Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen''. New York: Pinnacle, 1981. ISBN 0-523-41505-2.

Filmography

Unless otherwise noted, information is taken from Charles P. Mitchell's ''A Guide to Charlie Chan Films'' (1999).

{|class="sortable wikitable" |- !Film title !Starring !Directed by !Released !class="unsortable"|Notes |- |''The House Without a Key'' |George Kuwa |Spencer G. Bennet |1926 |Lost film |- |''The Chinese Parrot'' |Kamayama Sojin |Paul Leni |1927 |Lost film |- |''Behind That Curtain'' |E.L. Park |Irving Cummings |1929 | |- |''Charlie Chan Carries On'' |Warner Oland |Hamilton MacFadden |1931 |Lost film |- |''Eran Trece'' (in Spanish) |Manuel Arbó |David Howard (uncredited) |1931 | |- |''The Black Camel'' |Warner Oland |Hamilton MacFadden |1931 | |- |''Charlie Chan's Chance'' |Warner Oland |John Blystone |1932 |Lost film |- |''Charlie Chan's Greatest Case'' |Warner Oland |Hamilton MacFadden |1933 |Lost film |- |''Charlie Chan's Courage'' |Warner Oland |George Hadden and Eugene Forde |1934 |Lost film |- |''Charlie Chan in London'' |Warner Oland |Eugene Forde |1934 | |- |''Charlie Chan in Paris'' |Warner Oland |Lewis Seiler |1935 | |- |''Charlie Chan in Egypt'' |Warner Oland |Louis King |1935 | |- |''Charlie Chan in Shanghai'' |Warner Oland |James Tinling |1935 | |- |''Charlie Chan's Secret'' |Warner Oland |Gordon Wiles |1936 |Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints. |- |''Charlie Chan at the Circus'' |Warner Oland |Harry Lachman |1936 | |- |''Charlie Chan at the Race Track'' |Warner Oland |H. Bruce Humberstone |1936 | |- |''Charlie Chan at the Opera'' |Warner Oland |H. Bruce Humberstone |1936 | |- |''Charlie Chan at the Olympics'' |Warner Oland |H. Bruce Humberstone |1937 | |- |''Charlie Chan on Broadway'' |Warner Oland |Eugene Forde |1937 | |- |''The Disappearing Corpse'' (in Chinese) |? |? |1937 | |- |''La Serpiente Roja'' (in Spanish) |Aníbal de Mar |Ernesto Caparrós |1937 | |- |''Charlie Chan at Monte Carlo'' |Warner Oland |Eugene Forde |1937 | |- |''Charlie Chan in Honolulu'' |Sidney Toler |H. Bruce Humberstone |1938 | |- |''Charlie Chan in Reno'' |Sidney Toler |Norman Foster |1938 | |- |''The Pearl Tunic'' (in Chinese) |? |? |1938 | |- |''Charlie Chan at Treasure Island'' |Sidney Toler |Norman Foster |1939 | |- |''City in Darkness'' |Sidney Toler |Herbert I. Leeds |1939 | |- |''The Radio Station Murder'' (in Chinese) |? |? |1939 | |- |''Charlie Chan's Murder Cruise'' |Sidney Toler |Eugene Forde |1940 | |- |''Charlie Chan at the Wax Museum'' |Sidney Toler |Lynn Shores |1940 | |- |''Charlie Chan in Panama'' |Sidney Toler |Norman Foster |1940 | |- |''Murder Over New York'' |Sidney Toler |Harry Lachman |1940 | |- |''Dead Men Tell'' |Sidney Toler |Harry Lachman |1941 | |- |''Charlie Chan in Rio'' |Sidney Toler |Harry Lachman |1941 | |- |''Charlie Chan Smashes an Evil Plot'' (in Chinese) |徐莘园 (Xu Xinyuan) |徐莘夫 (Xu Xinfu) |1941 | |- |''Castle in the Desert'' |Sidney Toler |Harry Lachman |1942 | |- |''Charlie Chan in the Secret Service'' |Sidney Toler |Phil Rosen |1944 | |- |''The Chinese Cat'' |Sidney Toler |Phil Rosen |1944 | |- |''Black Magic'' |Sidney Toler |Phil Rosen |1944 | |- |''The Shanghai Cobra'' |Sidney Toler |Phil Karlson |1945 | |- |''The Red Dragon'' |Sidney Toler |Phil Rosen |1945 | |- |''The Scarlet Clue'' |Sidney Toler |Phil Rosen |1945 |Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints. |- |''The Jade Mask'' |Sidney Toler |Phil Rosen |1945 | |- |''Dangerous Money'' |Sidney Toler |Terry O. Morse |1946 |Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints. |- |''Dark Alibi'' |Sidney Toler |Phil Karlson |1946 |Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints. |- |''Shadows Over Chinatown'' |Sidney Toler |Terry O. Morse |1946 | |- |''The Trap'' |Sidney Toler |Howard Bretherton |1946 |Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints. |- |''The Chinese Ring'' |Roland Winters |William Beaudine |1947 |Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints. |- |''Docks of New Orleans'' |Roland Winters |Derwin Abrahams |1948 | |- |''Shanghai Chest'' |Roland Winters |William Beaudine |1948 | |- |''The Golden Eye'' |Roland Winters |William Beaudine |1948 |Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints. |- |''The Feathered Serpent'' |Roland Winters |William Beaudine |1955 | |- |''The Return of Charlie Chan'' (aka ''Happiness is a Warm Clue'') |Ross Martin |Daryl Duke |1973 | |- |''Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen'' |Peter Ustinov |Clive Donner |1981 | |}

Notes

See also

Portrayal of East Asians in Hollywood

References

"Creating Charlie Chan" (22 March 1931). In ''Popular Culture'' (1975). Ed. by David Manning White. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 0-405-06649-X.

Hawley, Sandra M. (1991). "The Importance of Being Charlie Chan." In ''America views China: American images of China then and now''. Ed. by Jonathan Goldstein, Jerry Israel, and Hilary Conroy. Lehigh University Press. ISBN 0-934223-13-0.

Further reading

Huang, Yunte. ''Charlie Chan: The Untold Story of the Honorable Detective and His Rendezvous with American History''. New York : Norton, 2010. ISBN 978-0-393-06962-4

External links

The "Charlie Chan" Novels

:The House Without A Key

:The Chinese Parrot

:Behind That Curtain

:The Black Camel

:Charlie Chan Carries On

:Keeper Of The Keys

Charlie Chan fansite

The Charlie Chan Family Home

Charlie Chan Biography

About Charlie Chan

Public-domain Charlie Chan radio programs

Adventures of Charlie Chan, The Adventures of Charlie Chan, The Category:American comic strips Adventures of Charlie Chan, The Category:Charlton Comics titles Category:Comic strips started in the 1930s Category:Crestwood Publications titles Category:DC Comics titles Category:Dell Comics titles Chan, Charlie Chan, Charlie Chan, Charlie Category:Series of books * Category:Asian American issues Category:Ethnic and racial stereotypes Category:Fictional Chinese people in literature

de:Charlie Chan eo:Charlie Chan fr:Charlie Chan it:Charlie Chan hu:Charlie Chan pl:Charlie Chan pt:Charlie Chan ru:Чарли Чен fi:Charlie Chan zh:陈查理

name	Jana Kramer
birth date	December 02, 1983
birth place	Detroit, Michigan, USA
occupation	Actress, singer
yearsactive	2002–present
othername	Jana Rae
spouse	Johnathon Schaech (2010) separated }}

Jana Rae Kramer (born December 2, 1983) is an American actress and country music singer. She is perhaps best known for her role as Alex Dupre on the television series, ''One Tree Hill''.

Career

Kramer played Noelle Davenport on ''Friday Night Lights'' and Portia Ranson on ''90210''. She played a sorority girl interested in Turtle in ''Entourage''. In 2009, Kramer signed on to become a series regular in The CW's ''One Tree Hill'' as Alex, an actress who becomes the new face of Brooke's fashion line, "Clothes Over Bros". In February 2011, Kramer signed with Warner Bros. Nashville Records. A digital single, "I Won't Give Up", was released to iTunes and Amazon.com in February 2011 and was featured on an episode of ''One Tree Hill''. The song reached number 75 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Her first official single, "Why Ya Wanna", was released to country radio in late 2011. Jana recently announced her debut album "Jana Kramer" will be released on June 5, 2012.

Personal life

On December 22, 2009, Kramer got engaged to Johnathon Schaech. The couple met on the set of the movie ''Prom Night'' and appeared as a couple in ''Laid to Rest''. They wed on July 4, 2010, in Michigan. On August 9, 2010, it was announced that Kramer and Schaech had divorced after a little over a month of marriage.

Filmography

''All My Children'' ''Blue Demon'' ''Click (2006 film) ''Boxboarders!'' ''Prom Night (2008 film) ''90210 (TV series)Private Practice (TV series)

Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
2002	''Dead/Undead''	Alice St. James
rowspan="3"	2003	|	Unknown	(Unknown episodes, Uncredited)
''The Passage''	Bartender at Alvin's
''Blood Games''	Mistress Tiamat
rowspan="2"	2005	|	Carrie
''Return of the Living Dead: Necropolis''	Katie Williams
rowspan="3"	2006	Click''||	Julie
''CSI: Crime Scene Investigation''	Unknown
''CSI: NY''	Paige Rowand
rowspan="2"	2007	|	Victoria
''Friday Night Lights (TV series)	Friday Night Lights''	Noelle Davenport
rowspan="6"	2008	Prom Night''||	April
''Approaching Midnight''	Aspen
''Can You Duet''	Herself
''Bar Starz''	Ryann
''Grey's Anatomy''	Lola
''The Poker Club''	Trudy
2008–2009	90210''||	Portia Ranson	(6 episodes-"The Jet Set", "That Which We Destroy", "Hello, Goodbye, Amen", "Love Me or Leave Me", "Between a Sign and a Hard Place", "The Party's Over")
rowspan="5"	2009	Private Practice''||	Lyla	(1 episode-"What Women Want")
''Laid to Rest''	Jamie
''Spring Breakdown''	Seven #2
''Entourage (TV series)	Entourage''	Brooke Manning
''One Tree Hill''	Alex Dupre

Discography

Studio albums

Title	Details
''Jana Kramer''		* To be released: June 5, 2012	Warner Bros. Records>Warner Bros. Nashville

Singles

Year	Single	Peak positions	Album
		! width="65"
2012	"Why Ya Wanna"A	22

^ACurrent single.

Promotional singles

Year	Single	Peak positions	Album
		! width="65"
	"I Won't Give Up"	75
"Whiskey"	99
2012	"What I Love About Your Love"	—

Music videos

! Year	Video	! Director
2012	"Why Ya Wanna"	Kristin Barlowe

References

External links

Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:American television actors Category:American country singers Category:Elektra Records artists Category:People from Detroit, Michigan Category:Actors from Michigan

de:Jana Kramer es:Jana Kramer fr:Jana Kramer it:Jana Kramer no:Jana Kramer pt:Jana Kramer sv:Jana Kramer

name	Peter Cincotti
background	solo_singer
birth date	July 11, 1983
origin	New York City, New York, USA
instrument	Vocals, piano
genre	Rock, Pop
label	Concord Records143/Reprise/Warner Bros. Records
website	Official Web Site
notable instruments	PianoVocals}}

Peter Cincotti (born July 11, 1983, New York City) is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. He attended the Horace Mann School and Columbia University.

Biography

Cincotti started playing a toy piano at the age of three. While in high school, he regularly performed at clubs throughout Manhattan and performed at the White House. At the 2000 Montreux Jazz Festival, he won an award for a rendition of Dizzy Gillespie's "A Night in Tunisia." In 2002, he reached No. 1 on the ''Billboard'' Traditional jazz Charts, the youngest solo artist to do so to date.

Cincotti appeared in a small role in the 2004 Bobby Darin biopic ''Beyond the Sea'' and contributed to the film's soundtrack. He also had a small role as the Piano Player in the Hayden Planetarium in ''Spider-Man 2''. His song "December Boys" is featured in the 2007 film ''December Boys'', starring Daniel Radcliffe.

His self-titled debut album is a compilation of traditional jazz songs, while his second album, ''On the Moon'', featured some of the artist's own songs. His latest work, ''East of Angel Town'', features all original works by the artist and was released in 2007 in Europe and in January 2009 in USA.

This new work began when Cincotti teamed up with producer David Foster (who signed him to a new contract on his Reprise/Warner Bros.-distributed 143 Records), producer Humberto Gatica, and producer/sound designer Jochem van der Saag.

Discography

2003 - ''Peter Cincotti'' (USA #118)

2003 - ''My favorite time of Year''

2004 - ''On the Moon'' (ITA #35, FRA #21, USA #128)

2007 - ''East of Angel Town'' (#SWI 22, #ITA 65, FRA #16, BEL #26)

2012 - ''Metropolis''

Singles

2007 - ''Goodbye Philadelphia'' (FRA #21, AT #10, CH #10, GER #68)

2008 - ''Angel Town''

2008 - ''December Boys''

DVD and video

''Peter Cincotti: Live in New York'' (2004)

External links

Goodbye Philadelphia - video from ''East of Angel Town''

Promotional video for ''East of Angel Town''

Category:1983 births Category:American male singers Category:American pianists Category:American people of Italian descent Category:Columbia University alumni Category:Horace Mann School alumni Category:Living people Category:Musicians from New York City

de:Peter Cincotti fa:پیتر چین‌کدی fr:Peter Cincotti it:Peter Cincotti nl:Peter Cincotti pl:Peter Cincotti pt:Peter Cincotti

name	Yung Ro
birth name	Roland Sato Lee Page
birth date
death date
occupation	}}

Yung Ro is an African American and Japanese hip-hop/rap artist. Born Roland Sato Lee Page in St. Louis, Missouri. Yung Ro is an independent artist and CEO. of his own record label, Black Pearl Entertainment.

Career

Yung Ro began his music career as a member of a rap duo with a childhood friend in high school. He released his first single "Donk Dat" was released in the spring of 2009. This song was produced by Mark 'Tar Boy' Williams, one half of the music producing duo Trackboyz (who produced Nelly's "Air Force Ones"). "Donk Dat" peaked at the #3 spot on the ''Billboard'' 'Hot R&B/Hip Hop Single Sales' chart; another single, "Fresha Den a Mall," reached #6 on the same chart and was also in rotation on 104.1 FM in St. Louis. Yung Ro released a mixtape entitled "The Tattoo Chronicles" featuring DJ Deception was also released in the spring of 2009. His first album, "The Rising Son," includes the "Donk Dat Remix" featuring Chingy (formerly of Disturbing tha Peace {DTP}) and City Spud (of the St. Lunatics) as well as "Push It Back" which was produced by Grammy Award winners Trak Starz.

References

External links

Black Pearl Entertainment

Temp

Category:Living people Category:African American rappers Category:American rappers Category:Musicians from Missouri