Official name	City of St. Louis
Settlement type	Independent City
Nickname	Rome of the West, Gateway to the West, Mound City
Website	http://stlouis-mo.gov
Image seal	SaintLouisSeal.png
Map caption	Location in the state of Missouri
Coordinates region	US-MO
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision type1	State
Subdivision type2	County
Subdivision type3	Metro
Subdivision name	United States
Subdivision name1	Missouri
Subdivision name2	Independent city
Subdivision name3	Greater St. Louis
Government type	Mayor–council government
Leader title	Mayor
Leader name	Francis G. Slay (D)
Established title	Founded
Established date	1764
Established title2	Incorporated
Established date2	1822
Area magnitude	1 E8
Area total km2	171.3
Area total sq mi	66.2
Area land km2	160.4
Area land sq mi	61.9
Area water km2	11.0
Area water sq mi	4.2
Population total	319,294 (58th)
Population as of	2010
Population metro	2,845,298 (16th)
Population density km2	1,990.6
Population density sq mi	5,158.2
Population demonym	St. Louisan
Timezone	CST
Utc offset	−6
Timezone dst	CDT
Utc offset dst	−5
Area code	314
Latns	N
Coordinates	38°37′38″N90°11′52″N
Longew	W
Elevation ft	466
Elevation m	142
Elevation footnotes
Website	http://stlouis-mo.gov/

St. Louis ( or ; French: ''Saint-Louis'' or ''St-Louis'', ) is an independent city on the eastern border of Missouri, United States. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, its population of 319,294 made it the 58th-largest U.S. city, while the Greater St. Louis combined statistical area's population of 2,845,298 made it the 16th-largest urban area in the country and the largest in the state. It also made it the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Midwest.

The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, and after the Louisiana Purchase, it became a major port on the Mississippi River. Its population expanded after the American Civil War, and it became the fourth-largest city in the United States in the late 19th century. It seceded from St. Louis County in 1876, allowing it to become an independent city and limiting its political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the 1904 World's Fair and the 1904 Olympic Games. The city's population peaked in 1950, then began a long decline.

With its French past and numerous Catholic immigrants in the 19th and 20th centuries, St. Louis is one of the largest centers of Roman Catholicism in the United States. The economy of St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, and tourism, and the region is home to several major corporations, including Express Scripts, Enterprise Rent-A-Car, Graybar Electric, Scottrade, Edward Jones Investments, Emerson Electric, Energizer, and Monsanto. St. Louis is home to three professional sports teams, including the St. Louis Cardinals, one of the most successful Major League Baseball clubs; the hockey St. Louis Blues and football St. Louis Rams. The city is commonly identified with the Gateway Arch, part of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial in downtown St. Louis.

History

The area that would become St. Louis was a center of Native American Mississippian culture, which built numerous temple and residential earthwork mounds in the region, giving the city its nickname, the "Mound City". European exploration of the area began in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France, and the earliest settlements in the area were built in Illinois during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, and Fort de Chartres. Migrants from the eastern French villages founded Ste. Genevieve, Missouri across the Mississippi River from Kaskaskia, and in early 1764, Pierre Laclède and his stepson Auguste Chouteau founded the city of St. Louis.

In 1765, St. Louis was made the capital of French Upper Louisiana, and after 1768, control of the region was given to the Spanish. In 1780, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native Americans, during the American Revolutionary War. St. Louis was transferred back to France in 1800, then sold to the United States in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase, and the city became the territorial capital. Shortly after the purchase, the Lewis and Clark Expedition left St. Louis in May 1804, reaching the Pacific Ocean in summer 1805, and returning on September 23, 1806. Both Lewis and Clark lived in St. Louis after the expedition. Many other explorers, settlers, and trappers (such as Ashley's Hundred) would later take a similar route to the West. The city elected its first municipal legislators (called trustees) in 1808.

Steamboats first arrived in St. Louis in 1817, improving connections with New Orleans and eastern markets. Missouri became a state in 1821, at which point the capital moved from St. Louis. However, St. Louis was incorporated as a city in 1822, and continued to see growth due to its port connections. Immigrants from Ireland and Germany arrived in St. Louis in significant numbers starting in the 1840s, and the population of St. Louis grew from less than 20,000 in 1840, to 77,860 in 1850, to more than 160,000 by 1860.

During the American Civil War, St. Louis was the site of significant divisions, although no combat took place in the city after the 1861 Camp Jackson Affair. The war hurt St. Louis economically, due to the blockade of river traffic to the South, although the St. Louis Arsenal constructed ironclads for the Union. St. Louis profited via trade with the West after the war, and in 1874, the city completed the Eads Bridge, the first bridge over the Mississippi River in the area. On August 22, 1876, the city of St. Louis voted to secede from St. Louis County and become an independent city, and industrial production continued to increase during the late 19th century. The city also produced a number of notable people in the fields of literature, including Tennessee Williams and T.S. Eliot, and major corporations such as the Anheuser-Busch brewery and Ralston-Purina company were established. St. Louis also was home to several brass era automobile companies, including the Success Automobile Manufacturing Company; St. Louis also is the site of the Wainwright Building, an early skyscraper built in 1892.

In 1904, the city hosted the 1904 World's Fair and the 1904 Summer Olympics, becoming the first non-European city to host the Olympics. Proceeds from the fair provided the city with the Saint Louis Art Museum and the Missouri History Museum.

Discrimination in housing and employment were common in St. Louis, and starting in the 1910s, many property deeds included racial or religious restrictive covenants. During World War II, the NAACP campaigned to integrate war factories, and restrictive covenants were prohibited in 1948 by the Shelley v. Kraemer U.S. Supreme Court decision, which originated as a lawsuit in St. Louis. However, de jure educational segregation continued into the 1950s, and de facto segregation continued into the 1970s, leading to a court challenge and interdistrict desegregation agreement.

St. Louis expanded in the early 20th century due to the formation of many industrial companies and due to wartime housing shortages, and it reached its peak population of 856,796 at the 1950 census. Suburbanization from the 1950s through the 1990s dramatically reduced the city's population, and although small increases in population were seen in the early 2000s, the city of St. Louis lost population from 2000 to 2010. Several urban renewal projects commenced in the 1950s, and the city achieved notoriety for its housing projects, particularly Pruitt-Igoe. Since the 1980s, revitalization efforts have focused on downtown St. Louis, and gentrification has taken place in the Washington Avenue Historic District. Because of the upturn in urban revitalization, St. Louis received the World Leadership Award for urban renewal in 2006.

Geography

Topography

According to the United States Census Bureau, St. Louis has a total area of 66.2 square miles (171.3 km²), of which 61.9 square miles (160.4 km²) is land and 4.2 square miles (11.0 km² or 6.39%) is water. The city is built primarily on bluffs and terraces that rise 100–200 feet above the western banks of the Mississippi River, in the Midwestern United States just south of the Missouri-Mississippi confluence. Much of the area is a fertile and gently rolling prairie that features low hills and broad, shallow valleys. Both the Mississippi River and the Missouri River have cut large valleys with wide flood plains.

Limestone and dolomite of the Mississippian epoch underlie the area, and parts of the city are karst in nature. This is particularly true of the city south of downtown, with numerous sinkholes and caves. Most of the caves in the city have been sealed, but many springs are visible along the riverfront. Coal, brick clay, and millerite ore were once mined in the city, and the predominant surface rock, the ''St. Louis Limestone'', is used as dimension stone and rubble for construction.

Near the southern boundary of the City of St. Louis (separating it from St. Louis County) is the River des Peres, virtually the only river or stream within the city limits that is not entirely underground. Most of River des Peres was confined to a channel or put underground in the 1920s and early 1930s. The lower section of the river was the site of some of the worst flooding of the Great Flood of 1993.

The Missouri River forms the northern border of St. Louis County, exclusive of a few areas where the river has changed its course. The Meramec River forms most of its southern border. To the east is the City and the Mississippi River.

Climate

St. Louis lies in the transitional zone between the humid continental climate type and the humid subtropical climate type (Köppen ''Dfa'' and ''Cfa'', respecively), with neither large mountains nor large bodies of water to moderate its temperature. It is subject to both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico. The city has four distinct seasons. Spring is the wettest season and produces severe weather ranging from tornadoes to winter storms. Summers are hot and humid, and temperatures of or higher occur between 35 and 40 days a year, while days of or higher occur usually no more than five days per year. Fall is mild with lower humidity and can produce intermittent bouts of heavy rainfall with the first snow flurries usually forming in early or mid November. Winters are often cold and snowy with temperatures frequently below freezing. Winter storm systems, such as Alberta Clippers and Panhandle hooks, can bring days of heavy freezing rain, ice pellets, and snowfall.

The average annual temperature for the years 1970–2000, recorded at nearby Lambert-Saint Louis International Airport, is , and average precipitation is . The normal high temperature in July is , and the normal low temperature in January is , although this varies from year to year. Both and temperatures can be seen on an average 2 or 3 days per year. The official record low is on January 5, 1884, although there were unofficial readings of on January 29, 1873 and on January 1, 1864; and the records high is on July 14, 1954.

Winter (December through February) is the driest season, with an average of precipitation. The average seasonal snowfall is . Spring (March through May), is typically the wettest season, with of precipitation. Dry spells lasting one to two weeks are common during the growing seasons.

St. Louis experiences thunderstorms 48 days a year on average. Especially in the spring, these storms can often be severe, with high winds, large hail and tornadoes. St. Louis has been affected on more than one occasion by particularly damaging tornadoes.

Some late autumns feature the warm weather known as Indian summer; some years see roses in bloom as late as early December.

Flora and fauna

Before the founding of the city, the area was prairie and open forest maintained by burning by Native Americans. Trees are mainly oak, maple, and hickory, similar to the forests of the nearby Ozarks; common understory trees include Eastern Redbud, Serviceberry, and Flowering Dogwood. Riparian areas are forested with mainly American sycamore. Most of the residential area of the city is planted with large native shade trees. The largest native forest area is found in Forest Park. In Autumn, the changing color of the trees is notable. Most species here are typical of the Eastern Woodland, although numerous decorative non-native species are found; the most notable invasive species is Japanese honeysuckle, which is actively removed from some parks.

Large mammals found in the city include urbanized coyotes and usually a White-tailed deer. Eastern Gray Squirrel, Cottontail rabbit, and other rodents are abundant, as well as the nocturnal Virginia Opossum. Large bird species are abundant in parks and include Canada goose, Mallard duck, as well as shorebirds, including the Great Egret and Great Blue Heron. Gulls are common along the Mississippi River; these species typically follow barge traffic. Winter populations of Bald Eagles are found by the Mississippi River around the Chain of Rocks Bridge. The city is on the Mississippi Flyway, used by migrating birds, and has a large variety of small bird species, common to the eastern US. The Eurasian Tree Sparrow, an introduced species, is limited in North America to the counties surrounding St. Louis. Tower Grove Park is a well-known birdwatching area in the city.

Frogs are commonly found in the springtime, especially after extensive wet periods. Common species include the American toad and species of chorus frogs commonly called spring peepers that are found in nearly every pond. Some years have outbreaks of cicadas or ladybugs. Mosquitos and houseflies are common insect nuisances; because of this, windows are nearly universally fitted with screens, and screened-in porches are common in homes of the area. Invasive populations of honeybees have sharply declined in recent years, and numerous native species of pollinator insects have recovered to fill their ecological niche.

Demographics

According to the 2010 United States Census, in the city of St. Louis, there were 319,294 people living in 142,057 households, of which 67,488 households were families. The population density was ..... people per square mile (...../km²). The age distribution of the city showed approximately 24 percent of the population was 19 or younger, 9 percent were 20 to 24, 31 percent were 25 to 44, 25 percent were 45 to 64, and 11 percent were 65 or older. The median age was approximately 34 years. The racial makeup of the city of St. Louis was approximately 49.2 percent African-American, 43.9 percent White (42.2% Non-Hispanic White), 2.9 percent Asian, 0.3 percent Native American/Alaska Native, 2.4 percent two or more races, and 1.3 percent some other race. Approximately 3.5 percent of the city's population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.

19 percent of the city's housing units were vacant, and slightly less than half of these were vacant structures not for sale or rent. In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $29,156, and the median income for a family was $32,585. Males had a median income of $31,106 versus $26,987 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,108.

St. Louis experienced slow growth from its founding in the 1760s through the American Civil War, and after the war it grew quickly with industrialization, reaching its peak population in 1950. It experienced a population shift to the suburbs in the 20th century; first because of increased demand for new housing following World War II, and later white flight from older neighborhoods to newer ones.

In 2010, the city of St.Louis was awarded for being one of the most generous large cities in the United States for online monetary donations and has also been recognized for having an extremely high volunteer rate in comparison to other major U.S cities.

Economy

According to the 2007 Economic Census, manufacturing in the city conducted nearly $11 billion in business, followed by the healthcare and social service industry with $3.5 billion, professional or technical services with $3.1 billion, and the retail trade with $2.5 billion. The sector employing the largest number of workers in the city was the healthcare sector with 34,000 workers, followed by administrative and support jobs with 24,000 workers, manufacturing with 21,000 workers, and food service with 20,000 workers.

The rivers of St. Louis play a large role in moving goods, especially bulk commodities such as grain, coal, salt, and certain chemicals and petroleum products. The Port of St. Louis in 2004 was the third-largest inland port by tonnage in the country, and the 21st-largest of any sort.

Major companies and institutions

As of 2011, the St. Louis area is home to nine Fortune 500 companies, including Express Scripts, Emerson Electric, Monsanto, Reinsurance Group of America, Ameren, Charter Communications, Peabody Energy, Graybar Electric, and Centene. Other notable corporations from the area include Edward Jones Investments, Scottrade, Wells Fargo Advisors (formerly A.G. Edwards), Energizer Holdings, Ralcorp, Hardee's, and Enterprise Holdings (parent company of several car rental companies). Significant healthcare and biotechnology institutions with operations in St. Louis include Pfizer, the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, the Solae Company, Sigma-Aldrich, and Multidata Systems International.

Although it was purchased by Belgium-based InBev, Anheuser-Busch continues its presence in the city, as does Mallinckrodt Incorporated in spite of its purchase by Tyco International. The May Department Stores Company (which owned Famous-Barr and Marshall Field's stores) was purchased by Federated Department Stores, but Federated maintained its regional headquarters in the area. General Motors continues to produce railroad cars in the St. Louis area, although Chrysler closed its production facility in the region, which was located in Fenton, Missouri. Despite its purchase by Nestle, Ralston Purina remained headquartered in St. Louis as a wholly owned subsidiary. St. Louis is also home to Boeing Phantom Works (formerly McDonnell-Douglas). In addition, the Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis in downtown is one of two federal reserve banks in Missouri.

Culture

Many St. Louis cultural attractions are located in the city of St. Louis, such as the Gateway Arch, although surrounding communities contribute to the culture of the region. St. Louis County and the city of St. Louis have a combined special tax district to support the Saint Louis Art Museum, the Missouri History Museum, and the St. Louis Zoo, all three of which are located in the city. The culture of Greater St. Louis is also defined by music and the performing arts, especially its association with ragtime, rock and roll, and blues, and its current association with classical music, hip hop music, and rap. Several places of worship in the city are also notable, including the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis.

Sports

St. Louis is home to professional Major League Baseball, National Football League, and National Hockey League teams, notable collegiate-level soccer teams, and has hosted several collegiate sports tournaments.

+ Professional sports teams in St. Louis
!Club	!Sport	!League	!Venue
St. Louis Cardinals	Baseball	Major League Baseball	Busch Stadium
St. Louis Rams	American football	National Football League	Edward Jones Dome
	Ice hockey	National Hockey League	Scottrade Center

Professional sports

The St. Louis Cardinals, one of the oldest franchises in Major League Baseball, have accumulated ten World Series titles, and two minor league baseball teams play in the area, the Gateway Grizzlies and the River City Rascals. The St. Louis Rams, an American football NFL team, play at the Edward Jones Dome and have won one Super Bowl championship. The St. Louis Blues, a franchise of the National Hockey League, play at the Scottrade Center, and the region hosts NHRA drag racing and NASCAR events at the Gateway International Raceway in Madison, Illinois.

Amateur sports

At the collegiate level, St. Louis has hosted the Final Four of both the women's and men's college basketball NCAA Division I championship tournaments, and the Frozen Four collegiate ice hockey tournament. Although the area does not support a National Basketball Association team, it hosts an American Basketball Association team called the St. Louis Pioneers. Saint Louis University has won 10 NCAA Men's Division I soccer championships, and the city has hosted the College Cup several times. In addition to collegiate soccer, St. Louisans have played for the United States men's national soccer team, and 20 St. Louisans have been elected into the National Soccer Hall of Fame. St. Louis also is the origin of the sport of corkball, a type of baseball in which there is no base running.

Parks

The city operates more than one hundred parks, with amenities that include sports facilities, playgrounds, concert areas, picnic areas, and lakes. Forest Park, located on the western edge of city, is the largest park in the city, although it is not the largest park in the region. Another significant park in the city is the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, a National Memorial located on the riverfront in downtown St. Louis. The centerpiece of the park is the 630 feet (192 m) tall Gateway Arch, designed by noted architect Eero Saarinen and completed on October 28, 1965. Also part of the park is the Old Courthouse, where the first two trials of the Dred Scott case were held in 1847 and 1850.

Other notable parks in the city include the Missouri Botanical Garden, Tower Grove Park, and Citygarden. The Missouri Botanical Garden, a private garden and botanical research facility, includes the Climatron, a greenhouse built as a geodesic dome. Immediately south of the Missouri Botanical Garden is Tower Grove Park, a gift to the City by Henry Shaw. Citygarden is an urban sculpture park located in downtown St. Louis, with art from Fernand Léger, Aristide Maillol, Julian Opie, Tom Otterness, Niki de Saint Phalle, and Mark di Suvero. The park is also divided into three sections, each of which represent a different theme: river bluffs; flood plains; and urban gardens. The park also has a restaurant – The Terrace View. Another downtown sculpture park is the Serra Sculpture Park, with the 1982 Richard Serra sculpture ''Twain''.

Government

The city of St. Louis has a mayor-council government with legislative authority vested in the Board of Aldermen of the City of St. Louis and with executive authority in the Mayor of St. Louis and six other separately elected officials. The Board of Aldermen is made up of 28 members (one elected from each of the city's wards) plus a board president who is elected city-wide. As of 2004, 257,442 registered voters lived in the city.

Local and regional government

Municipal elections in St. Louis city are held in odd numbered years, with the primary elections in March and the general election in April. The mayor is elected in odd numbered years following the United States Presidential Election, as are the aldermen representing odd-numbered wards. The President of the Board of Aldermen and the aldermen from even-numbered wards are elected in the off-years. The Democratic Party has dominated St. Louis city politics for decades. The city has not had a Republican mayor since 1949 and the last time a Republican was elected to another city-wide office was in the 1970s. As of 2006, 27 of the city's 28 Aldermen are Democrats.

Although St. Louis City and County separated in 1876, some mechanisms have been put in place for joint funding management and funding of regional assets. The St. Louis Zoo-Museum district collects property taxes from residents of both St. Louis City and County and the funds are used to support cultural institutions including the St. Louis Zoo, St. Louis Art Museum and the Missouri Botanical Gardens. Similarly, the Metropolitan Sewer District provides sanitary and storm sewer service to the city and much of St. Louis County. The Bi-State Development Agency (now known as Metro) runs the region's MetroLink light rail system and bus system.

State and federal government

The city of St. Louis is represented by eleven districts in the Missouri House of Representatives: the 57th, 58th, 59th, 60th, 61st, 63rd, 65th, 67th and 108th are entirely within the city limits, while the 64th and 66th include part of the city and part of St. Louis County. Two Missouri State Senate districts, the 4th and 5th, are entirely within the city, while the 1st Senate district includes part of the city and part of St. Louis County.

The City of St. Louis is split roughly in half north to south by Missouri's 1st and 3rd U.S. Congressional districts. The 1st is represented by Lacy Clay and the 3rd by Russ Carnahan. Both are members of the Democratic Party; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of St. Louis in the U.S. House since 1949. Each district also includes a significant portion of St. Louis County. Both the city and county lost population in the 2010 Census which contributed to Missouri losing a Congressional seat effective 2013. Initial redistricting maps indicate that the 3rd district would be absorbed into the 1st district placing Carnahan and Clay in the same district and giving St. Louis only one representative in Congress.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri are based in the Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse in downtown St. Louis. St. Louis is also home to a Federal Reserve System branch, the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) also maintains major facilities in the St. Louis area.

Crime

Since the mid 1990s, St. Louis index crime rates have declined, although homicide rates in the city of St. Louis have remained higher than the United States national average. St. Louis also frequently is ranked among the "most dangerous" in the country by CQ Press, although these rankings are controversial and do not reflect the crime rate of Greater St. Louis.

Education

The St. Louis Public Schools serves the city of St. Louis with 77 schools, and it is run by a state appointed board. With more than 25,000 students, the district is the largest in Greater St. Louis. The city of St. Louis has several private high schools, both secular and religiously affiliated, including numerous Catholic and Lutheran schools.

According to the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, the city of St. Louis is home to two national research universities: Washington University in St. Louis and Saint Louis University. Washington University Medical Center is located in the city's Central West End neighborhood, while the majority of Washington University's main campus is located in adjacent St. Louis County.

Media

Greater St. Louis commands the 21st largest media market in the United States, a position it has held with little variation for more than ten years. All of the major U.S. television networks have subsidiaries in St. Louis, including KTVI 2 (Fox), KMOV 4 (CBS), KSDK 5 (NBC), KETC 9 (PBS), KPLR-TV 11 (CW), KDNL 30 (ABC), WRBU 46 (MNTV), and WPXS 51 Retro Television Network. Among the most popular radio stations in the St. Louis area are KMOX, (AM sports and talk), KLOU (FM oldies), WIL-FM (FM country), WARH (FM adult contemporary), and KSLZ (FM top 40 mainstream). St. Louis also supports public radio with KWMU, an NPR affiliate, and community radio with KDHX.

The ''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'' is the region's major daily newspaper. Other newspapers in the region include the ''Suburban Journals'', serving parts of St. Louis County, while the primary alternative newspaper is the ''Riverfront Times''. Three weeklies serve the African-American community: the ''St. Louis Argus'', the ''St. Louis American'', and the ''St. Louis Sentinel''. ''St. Louis Magazine'', a local monthly magazine, covers topics such as local history, cuisine, and lifestyles, while the weekly ''St. Louis Business Journal'' provides coverage of regional business news. St. Louis is also home to the nation's last remaining metropolitan journalism review, the ''Gateway Journalism Review'', based at Webster University in the suburb of Webster Groves. St. Louis also is served by an online newspaper, the ''St. Louis Beacon'', which operates in partnership and shares facilities with KETC 9 TV.

Infrastructure

Transportation

The city of St. Louis is served by four interstates and several U.S. highways and state roadways. Although there are no airports within the city limits, the city owns and operates Lambert-St. Louis International Airport, located in northwest St. Louis County. Freight rail and passenger rail service operate in the city on tracks owned by BNSF Railway, with passenger service provided by Amtrak and served at the Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center in downtown St. Louis. Rapid transit and commuter rail service in the city is provided by MetroLink, while bus service is provided by MetroBus, both of which are owned and operated by the Bi-State Development Agency. St. Louis also maintains a port authority for river shipping, and taxicabs are regulated within the city.

Healthcare

St. Louis is a center of medicine and biotechnology. The Washington University School of Medicine is affiliated with the Barnes-Jewish Hospital, the fifth largest in the world. The School of Medicine is also affiliated with St. Louis Children's Hospital, one of the country's top pediatric hospitals. Both hospitals are owned by BJC HealthCare. The School of Medicine ranks in the top five nationally. Washington University School of Medicine and Barnes-Jewish Hospital operate the Siteman Cancer Center. The school's Genome Sequencing Center played a major role in the Human Genome Project. Saint Louis University Medical School is affiliated with Tenet's Saint Louis University Hospital and SSM Health Care's Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital. It also has a cancer center, vaccine research center and a bioethics institute. Several different organizations operate hospitals in the area, including BJC HealthCare, SSM Health Care, Tenet and St. John's Mercy Healthcare, with operates St. John's Mercy Medical Center.

Architecture and neighborhoods

St. Louis possesses several significant examples of 19th century architecture, such as the early stone construction Emmanuel DeHodiamont House, the Greek Revival style Chatillon-DeMenil House in the Soulard neighborhood, the Victorian era Campbell House, and the Wainwright Building, an early Louis Sullivan skyscraper. The city is divided into 79 government-designated neighborhoods. The neighborhood divisions have no legal standing, although some neighborhood associations administer grants or hold veto power over historic-district development.

Sister cities

St. Louis has fifteen sister cities. – Bologna, Italy – Bogor, Indonesia – Brčko, Bosnia and Herzegovina – Donegal, Co. Donegal, Ireland – Galway, Co. Galway, Ireland – Georgetown, Guyana – Lyon, France – Nanjing, China – Saint-Louis, Senegal – Samara, Russia – San Luis Potosí, Mexico – Stuttgart, Germany – Suwa, Japan – Szczecin, Poland – Wuhan, China

See also

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis

Caves of St. Louis

Great Flood of 1993

Heat wave of 2006 derecho series

LaClede Town

List of Mayors of St. Louis

History of the Jews in St. Louis, Missouri

National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis (city, A–L), Missouri

National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis (city, M-Z), Missouri

St. Louis in the Civil War

St. Louis smog episode (1939)

References

External links

Built St. Louis

St. Louis Convention & Visitors Bureau

St. Louis Regional Chamber and Growth Association

Category:Cities in Missouri Category:Communities on U.S. Route 66 Category:Greater St. Louis Category:Host cities of the Summer Olympic Games Category:Independent cities in the United States Category:Populated places established in 1764 Category:Populated places in Missouri with African American majority populations Category:Missouri populated places on the Mississippi River Category:United States colonial and territorial capitals

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Charlie Chan is a fictional Chinese-American detective created by Earl Derr Biggers in 1923. Loosely based on Honolulu detective Chang Apana, Biggers conceived of the benevolent and heroic Chan as an alternative to Yellow Peril stereotypes, such as villains like Fu Manchu. Chan is a detective of the Honolulu police, though many stories feature Chan traveling the world as he investigates mysteries and solves crimes.

Chan first appeared in Biggers' novels, but went on to be featured in a number of media. Over four dozen films featuring Charlie Chan have been made, beginning in 1926. The character was at first portrayed by Asian actors, and the films met with little success. In 1931, the Fox Film Corporation cast Swedish actor Warner Oland as Chan in ''Charlie Chan Carries On''; the film was a success, and Fox went on to produce 15 more Chan films with Oland in the title role. After Oland's death, American actor Sidney Toler was cast as Chan; Toler made 22 Chan films, first for Fox and then for Monogram Studios. After Toler's death, six more films were made, starring Roland Winters.

In addition, a number of Spanish- and Chinese-language Chan films were made during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. American-made Chan films were shown in China to much success, where the character was popular and respected. More recent film adaptations in the 1990s have been unsuccessful. The character has also been featured in several radio programs, two television shows, and a number of comics.

Interpretations of Chan by critics are split, especially as relates to his ethnicity. Positive assessors of Chan argue that he is portrayed as intelligent, benevolent and honorable — in contrast to the adverse depictions of evil or conniving Chinese then current on page and screen. Others state that Chan, despite his good qualities, reinforces certain Asian stereotypes, such as an alleged incapacity to speak fluent English and the possession of an overly tradition-bound and subservient nature.

Books

The character of Charlie Chan was created by Earl Derr Biggers. In 1919, while on vacation in Hawaii, Biggers planned a detective novel to be called ''The House Without a Key''. He did not begin to write the novel until four years later, however, when he was inspired to add a Chinese American police officer to the plot after reading in a newspaper of Chang Apana (鄭阿平) and Lee Fook, two Chinese-American detectives on the Honolulu police force. Biggers, who disliked the Yellow Peril stereotypes he found when he came to California, explicitly conceived of the character as an alternative to them: "Sinister and wicked Chinese are old stuff, but an amiable Chinese on the side of law and order has never been used."

The "amiable Chinese" made his first appearance in ''The House Without a Key'' (1925). The character was not central to the novel and was not mentioned by name on the dustjacket of the first edition. In the novel, Chan is described as walking with "the light dainty step of a woman" and as being "very fat indeed ... an undistinguished figure in his Western clothes." According to critic Sandra Hawley, this description of Chan allows Biggers to portray the character as non-threatening, the opposite of such evil Chinese characters as Fu Manchu, while simultaneously emphasizing supposedly Chinese characteristics such as impassivity and stoicism.

Film, radio, and television adaptations

Films

The first Charlie Chan film was ''The House without a Key'' (1926), a 10-chapter serial produced by Pathé Studios, starring George Kuwa, a Japanese actor, as Chan. A year later Universal Pictures followed the film with ''The Chinese Parrot'', starring another Japanese actor, Kamiyama Sojin, in the starring role. In both productions, Charlie Chan's role was minimized. Contemporary reviews were unfavorable; in the words of one reviewer, speaking of ''The Chinese Parrot'', Sojin plays "the Chink sleuth as a Lon Chaney cook-waiter ... because Chaney can't stoop that low."

In 1929, the Fox Film Corporation acquired the rights to Charlie Chan and produced ''Behind That Curtain'', starring Korean actor E.L. Park. Again, Chan's role was minimized, with Chan appearing only in the last 10 minutes of the film. Not until a white actor was cast in the title role did a Chan film meet with success, beginning with 1931's ''Charlie Chan Carries On'', starring Swedish actor Warner Oland as Chan. Oland, who claimed some Mongolian ancestry, played the character as much more gentle and self-effacing than he had been in the books, perhaps in "a deliberate attempt by the studio to downplay such an uppity attitude in a Chinese detective." Oland starred in 15 more Chan films for Fox, often with Keye Luke, who played Chan's "Number One Son", Lee Chan. Oland's "warmth and gentle humor" helped make the character and films quite popular; the Oland Chan films were among Fox's most successful of the period, attracting "major audiences and box-office grosses on a par with A's" and "[keeping] Fox afloat" during the Great Depression.

Oland died in 1938, and the Chan film he had been working on, ''Charlie Chan at the Ringside'', was transformed at the last minute into ''Mr. Moto's Gamble'', an entry in the Mr. Moto series, another contemporary series featuring an Asian protagonist; Luke still appeared as Lee Chan, not only in already shot footage but also in scenes with Moto actor Peter Lorre. Fox hired another white actor, Sidney Toler, to play Charlie Chan, and produced 11 more Chan films through 1942. Toler's Chan was less mild-mannered than Oland's, a "switch in attitude that did much to add some of the vigor of the original books to the films." He is frequently accompanied, and irritated, by his Number Two Son, Jimmy Chan, played by Sen Yung.

When Fox decided not to produce any further Chan films, Sidney Toler purchased the film rights. Producers Philip N. Krasne and James S. Burkett of Monogram Pictures decided to release further Chan films, starring Toler. The budget for each film was reduced from Fox's average of $200,000 to $75,000. For the first time, Chan was portrayed on occasion as "openly contemptuous of his suspects and superiors." African-American actor Mantan Moreland was hired as regular character Birmingham Brown, a fact which led to criticism of the Monogram films in the forties and since; some call these performances "brilliant comic turns", while others describe Moreland's roles as an offensive and embarrassing stereotype. Toler died in 1947 and was succeeded by Roland Winters for a final six films. Keye Luke, missing from the series after 1938's Mr.Moto rework, returned as Charlie's son in the last two entries.

Spanish-language adaptations

Three Spanish-language Charlie Chan films were made in the 1930s and 1950s. The first of these, ''Eran Trece (There Were Thirteen)'' (1931), is a Spanish-language version of ''Charlie Chan Carries On'' (1931). The two films were made concurrently and followed the same production schedule, with each scene being filmed twice the same day, once in English and once in Spanish. The film followed essentially the same script as the English-language version, with minor additions such as short songs and skits and some changes to characters' names (for example, the character Elmer Benbow was re-named Frank Benbow). A Cuban production, ''La Serpiente Roja'', followed in 1937. In 1955, Producciones Cub-Mex produced a Mexican version of Charlie Chan called ''El Monstruo en la Sombra'' (Monster in the Shadow), starring Orlando Rodriguez as "Chan Li Po" (Charlie Chan in the original script). The film was inspired by ''La Serpiente Roja'' (The red serpent) as well as the American Warner Oland films.

Chinese-language adaptations

During the 1930s and 1940s, at least five Chan films were produced in Shanghai and Hong Kong. In these films, Chan owns his own detective agency and is aided, not by a son, but by a daughter, Manna, played first by Gu Meijun (顾梅君) in the Shanghai productions and then by Bai Yan (白燕) in post-war Hong Kong.

Chinese audiences also watched the original American Charlie Chan films. They were by far the most popular American films in 1930s China and among overseas Chinese; "one of the reasons for this acceptance was this was the first time Chinese audiences saw a positive Chinese character in an American film, a sharp departure from the sinister Oriental stereotypes in earlier movies like ''Thief of Baghdad'' and ''Welcome Danger'', which incited riots that shut down the Shanghai theater showing it." Oland's visit to China was reported extensively in Chinese newspapers, and the actor was respectfully called "Mr. Chan".

Modern adaptations

In 1980, Jerry Shylock proposed a multi-million dollar comedy film, to be called ''Charlie Chan and the Dragon Lady''. A group calling itself C.A.N. (Coalition of Asians to Nix) was formed, protesting the fact that non-Chinese actors, Peter Ustinov and Angie Dickinson, had been cast in the primary roles. Others protested that the film itself contained a number of stereotypes; Shylock responded that the film was not a documentary. The film was released the following year as ''Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen'' and was an "abysmal failure." An updated film version of the character was planned in the 1990s by Miramax; this new Charlie Chan was to be "hip, slim, cerebral, sexy and ... a martial-arts master", but the film did not come to fruition. Actress Lucy Liu is slated to star in and executive-produce a new Charlie Chan film for Fox. The film has been in pre-production since 2000; as of 2009 it is still slated to be produced.

===Radio=== On radio, Charlie Chan was heard in different series on four networks (Blue, NBC, ABC, MBS) between 1932 and 1948. Walter Connolly initially portrayed Chan as part of Esso Oil's ''Five Star Theater'', which serialized adaptations of Biggers novels. Ed Begley, Sr. had the title role in NBC's ''The Adventures of Charlie Chan'' (1944–45), followed by Santos Ortega (1947–48). Leon Janney and Rodney Jacobs were heard as Lee Chan, Number One Son, and Dorian St. George was the program's announcer. ''Radio Life'' magazine described Begley's Chan as "a good radio match for Sidney Toler's beloved film enactment."

Television adaptations

From 1956-57, ''The New Adventures of Charlie Chan'', starring J. Carrol Naish in the title role, were made independently for TV syndication in a series of 39 episodes, by Television Programs of America. The series was filmed in England. In this series, Chan is based in London rather than the United States. Ratings were poor, and the series was quickly canceled.

In the 1960s, Joey Forman played an obvious parody of Chan named "Harry Hoo" in two episodes of ''Get Smart''.

In the 1970s, Hanna-Barbera produced an animated series called ''The Amazing Chan and the Chan Clan''. Keye Luke, who had played Chan's son in many Chan films of the 1930s and 40s, lent his voice to Charlie...who had a much-expanded vocabulary this time around. The series focused, however, on Chan's children...played mostly by Asian-American child actors. Jodie Foster alternated with Leslie Kumamota in voicing Chan's daughter Anne.

''The Return of Charlie Chan'', a television film starring Ross Martin as Chan, was made in 1971 but was not aired until 1979.

Comics and games

A ''Charlie Chan'' comic strip, drawn by Alfred Andriola, was distributed by the McNaught Syndicate beginning October 24, 1938. Andriola was chosen by Biggers to draw the character. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the strip was dropped at the end of May 1942.

Over decades, several other Charlie Chan comic books have been published: Joe Simon and Jack Kirby created Prize Comics' ''Charlie Chan'' (1948) which ran for five issues. It was followed by a Charlton Comics title (four issues, 1955). DC Comics published ''The New Adventures of Charlie Chan'', a 1958 tie-in with the TV series; the DC series lasted for six issues. Dell Comics did the title for two issues in 1965. In the 1970s, Gold Key Comics published a short-lived series of Chan comics based directly on the Hanna-Barbera animated series.

In addition, a board game, ''The Great Charlie Chan Detective Mystery Game'' (1937), and a ''Charlie Chan Card Game'' (1939), have been released.

Modern interpretations and criticism

The character of Charlie Chan has been the subject of much controversy. Some find the character to be a positive role model, while others argue that Chan is an offensive stereotype. Critic John Soister argues that Charlie Chan is both; when Biggers created the character, he offered a unique alternative to stereotypical evil Chinamen who was at the same time "sufficiently accommodating in personality... unthreatening in demeanor... and removed from his Asian homeland... to quell any underlying xenophobia."

Critic Michael Brodhead argues that "Biggers's sympathetic treatment of the Charlie Chan novels convinces the reader that their author consciously and forthrightly spoke out for the Chinese - a people to be not only accepted but admired. Biggers's sympathetic treatment of the Chinese both reflected and contributed to the greater acceptance of the Chinese in America in the first third of [the twentieth] century." S. T. Karnick writes in the ''National Review'' that Chan is "a brilliant detective with understandably limited facility in the English language [whose] powers of observation, logic, and personal rectitude and humility made him an exemplary, entirely honorable character." Ellery Queen called Biggers's characterization of Charlie Chan "a service to humanity and to inter-racial relations." Luke agreed; when asked if he thought that the character was demeaning to the race, he responded, "Demeaning to the race? My God! You've got a ''Chinese hero!''" and "[W]e were making the best damn murder mysteries in Hollywood."

Other critics, such as Yen Le Espiratu and Huang Guiyou, argue that Chan, while portrayed positively in some ways, is not on a par with white characters, but a "benevolent Other" who is "one-dimensional." The films' extensive use of white actors to portray Asian characters indicates the character's "absolute Oriental Otherness;" the films were only successful when they were "the domain of white actors who impersonated slant-eyed, heavily-accented masters of murder mysteries as well as purveyors of cryptic proverbs in what Eugene Wong calls a 'racist cosmetology.'" Chan's character "embodies the stereotypes and stigmas of Chinese Americans, particularly of males: smart, subservient, effeminate." Chan is representative of a model minority, the good stereotype that counters a bad stereotype: "Each stereotypical image is filled with contradictions: the bloodthirsty Indian is tempered with the image of the noble savage; the ''bandido'' exists along with the loyal sidekick; and Fu Manchu is offset by Charlie Chan." However, Fu Manchu's evil qualities are presented as inherently Chinese, while Charlie Chan's good qualities are exceptional; "Fu represents his race; his counterpart stands away from the other Asian Hawaiians."

Recent opinion has been largely against the character. In 2003, the Fox Movie Channel discontinued a planned Charlie Chan Festival, soon after beginning restoration for special cablecasting, after a special interest group protested. Fox began releasing these restored versions on DVD in 2006; as of mid-2008, Fox has released all of the extant Warner Oland titles and has begun issuing the Sidney Toler series. The first six Monogram productions, all starring Sidney Toler, were released by MGM in 2004. The films, when broadcast on the Fox Movie Channel, were followed by round table discussions by prominent Asian-Americans in the entertainment industry, led by George Takei, most of whom were against the films. Collections such as Frank Chin's ''Aiiieeee! An Anthology of Asian-American Writers'' and Jessica Hagedorn's ''Charlie Chan is Dead'' are put forth as alternatives to the Charlie Chan stereotype and "[articulate] cultural anger and exclusion as their animating force."

Some modern critics, particularly Asian-Americans, dismiss the Charlie Chan character as "bovine" and "asexual", allowing "white America ... [to be] securely indifferent about us as men." Charlie Chan's good qualities are the product of what Frank Chin and Jeffery Chan call "racist love", arguing that Chan is a model minority and "kissass". Fletcher Chan, however, argues that the Chan of Biggers's novels is not subservient to whites, citing ''The Chinese Parrot'' as an example; in this novel, Chan's eyes blaze with anger at racist remarks and in the end, after exposing the murderer, Chan remarks "Perhaps listening to a 'Chinaman' is no disgrace." In the films, both ''Charlie Chan in London'' (1934) and ''Charlie Chan in Paris'' (1935) "contain scenes in which Chan coolly and wittily dispatches other characters' racist remarks."

Bibliography

Biggers, Earl Derr. ''The House Without a Key''. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1925.

—. ''The Chinese Parrot''. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1926.

—. ''Behind That Curtain''. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1928.

—. ''The Black Camel''. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1929.

—. ''Charlie Chan Carries On''. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1930.

—. ''Keeper of the Keys''. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1932.

Davis, Robert Hart. ''Charlie Chan in The Temple of the Golden Horde''. 1974. ''Charlie Chan's Mystery Magazine''. Reprinted by Wildside Press, 2003. ISBN 1592240143.

Lynds, Dennis. ''Charlie Chan Returns''. New York: Bantam Books, 1974. ASIN B000CD3I22.

Pronzini, Bill, and Jeffrey M. Wallman. ''Charlie Chan in the Pawns of Death''. 1974. ''Charlie Chan's Mystery Magazine''. Reprinted by Borgo Press, 2003. ISBN 9781592240104.

Avallone, Michael. ''Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen''. New York: Pinnacle, 1981. ISBN 0523415052.

Filmography

Unless otherwise noted, information is taken from Charles P. Mitchell's ''A Guide to Charlie Chan Films'' (1999).

{|class="sortable wikitable" |- !Film title !Starring !Directed by !Released !class="unsortable"|Notes |- |''The House Without a Key'' |George Kuwa |Spencer G. Bennet |1926 |Lost film |- |''The Chinese Parrot'' |Kamayama Sojin |Paul Leni |1927 |Lost film |- |''Behind That Curtain'' |E.L. Park |Irving Cummings |1929 | |- |''Charlie Chan Carries On'' |Warner Oland |Hamilton MacFadden |1931 |Lost film |- |''Eran Trece'' (in Spanish) |Manuel Arbó |David Howard (uncredited) |1931 | |- |''The Black Camel'' |Warner Oland |Hamilton MacFadden |1931 | |- |''Charlie Chan's Chance'' |Warner Oland |John Blystone |1932 |Lost film |- |''Charlie Chan's Greatest Case'' |Warner Oland |Hamilton MacFadden |1933 |Lost film |- |''Charlie Chan's Courage'' |Warner Oland |George Hadden and Eugene Forde |1934 |Lost film |- |''Charlie Chan in London'' |Warner Oland |Eugene Forde |1934 | |- |''Charlie Chan in Paris'' |Warner Oland |Lewis Seiler |1935 | |- |''Charlie Chan in Egypt'' |Warner Oland |Louis King |1935 | |- |''Charlie Chan in Shanghai'' |Warner Oland |James Tinling |1935 | |- |''Charlie Chan's Secret'' |Warner Oland |Gordon Wiles |1936 |Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints. |- |''Charlie Chan at the Circus'' |Warner Oland |Harry Lachman |1936 | |- |''Charlie Chan at the Race Track'' |Warner Oland |H. Bruce Humberstone |1936 | |- |''Charlie Chan at the Opera'' |Warner Oland |H. Bruce Humberstone |1936 | |- |''Charlie Chan at the Olympics'' |Warner Oland |H. Bruce Humberstone |1937 | |- |''Charlie Chan on Broadway'' |Warner Oland |Eugene Forde |1937 | |- |''The Disappearing Corpse'' (in Chinese) |? |? |1937 | |- |''La Serpiente Roja'' (in Spanish) |Aníbal de Mar |Ernesto Caparrós |1937 | |- |''Charlie Chan at Monte Carlo'' |Warner Oland |Eugene Forde |1937 | |- |''Charlie Chan in Honolulu'' |Sidney Toler |H. Bruce Humberstone |1938 | |- |''Charlie Chan in Reno'' |Sidney Toler |Norman Foster |1938 | |- |''The Pearl Tunic'' (in Chinese) |? |? |1938 | |- |''Charlie Chan at Treasure Island'' |Sidney Toler |Norman Foster |1939 | |- |''City in Darkness'' |Sidney Toler |Herbert I. Leeds |1939 | |- |''The Radio Station Murder'' (in Chinese) |? |? |1939 | |- |''Charlie Chan's Murder Cruise'' |Sidney Toler |Eugene Forde |1940 | |- |''Charlie Chan at the Wax Museum'' |Sidney Toler |Lynn Shores |1940 | |- |''Charlie Chan in Panama'' |Sidney Toler |Norman Foster |1940 | |- |''Murder Over New York'' |Sidney Toler |Harry Lachman |1940 | |- |''Dead Men Tell'' |Sidney Toler |Harry Lachman |1941 | |- |''Charlie Chan in Rio'' |Sidney Toler |Harry Lachman |1941 | |- |''Charlie Chan Smashes an Evil Plot'' (in Chinese) |徐莘园 (Xu Xinyuan) |徐莘夫 (Xu Xinfu) |1941 | |- |''Castle in the Desert'' |Sidney Toler |Harry Lachman |1942 | |- |''Charlie Chan in the Secret Service'' |Sidney Toler |Phil Rosen |1944 | |- |''The Chinese Cat'' |Sidney Toler |Phil Rosen |1944 | |- |''Black Magic'' |Sidney Toler |Phil Rosen |1944 | |- |''The Shanghai Cobra'' |Sidney Toler |Phil Karlson |1945 | |- |''The Red Dragon'' |Sidney Toler |Phil Rosen |1945 | |- |''The Scarlet Clue'' |Sidney Toler |Phil Rosen |1945 |Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints. |- |''The Jade Mask'' |Sidney Toler |Phil Rosen |1945 | |- |''Dangerous Money'' |Sidney Toler |Terry O. Morse |1946 |Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints. |- |''Dark Alibi'' |Sidney Toler |Phil Karlson |1946 |Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints. |- |''Shadows Over Chinatown'' |Sidney Toler |Terry O. Morse |1946 | |- |''The Trap'' |Sidney Toler |Howard Bretherton |1946 |Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints. |- |''The Chinese Ring'' |Roland Winters |William Beaudine |1947 |Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints. |- |''Docks of New Orleans'' |Roland Winters |Derwin Abrahams |1948 | |- |''Shanghai Chest'' |Roland Winters |William Beaudine |1948 | |- |''The Golden Eye'' |Roland Winters |William Beaudine |1948 |Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints. |- |''The Feathered Serpent'' |Roland Winters |William Beaudine |1955 | |- |''The Return of Charlie Chan'' (aka ''Happiness is a Warm Clue'') |Ross Martin |Daryl Duke |1973 | |- |''Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen'' (This film is a satire and not really part of any Chan series) |Peter Ustinov |Clive Donner |1981 | |}

Notes

See also

Portrayal of East Asians in Hollywood

References

"Creating Charlie Chan" (22 March 1931). In ''Popular Culture'' (1975). Ed. by David Manning White. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 040506649X.

Hawley, Sandra M. (1991). "The Importance of Being Charlie Chan." In ''America views China: American images of China then and now''. Ed. by Jonathan Goldstein, Jerry Israel, and Hilary Conroy. Lehigh University Press. ISBN 0934223130.

Further reading

Huang, Yunte. ''Charlie Chan: The Untold Story of the Honorable Detective and His Rendezvous with American History''. New York : Norton, 2010. ISBN 978-0-393-06962-4

External links

The "Charlie Chan" Novels

:The House Without A Key

:The Chinese Parrot

:Behind That Curtain

:The Black Camel

:Charlie Chan Carries On

:Keeper Of The Keys

Charlie Chan fansite

The Charlie Chan Family Home

Charlie Chan Biography

About Charlie Chan

Public-domain Charlie Chan radio programs

Adventures of Charlie Chan, The Adventures of Charlie Chan, The Category:American comic strips Adventures of Charlie Chan, The Category:Charlton Comics titles Category:Comic strips started in the 1930s Category:Crestwood Publications titles Category:DC Comics titles Category:Dell Comics titles Chan, Charlie Chan, Charlie Chan, Charlie Category:Series of books * Category:Asian American issues Category:Ethnic and racial stereotypes

de:Charlie Chan eo:Charlie Chan fr:Charlie Chan it:Charlie Chan hu:Charlie Chan pl:Charlie Chan pt:Charlie Chan ru:Чарли Чен fi:Charlie Chan zh:陈查理

Coordinates	38°37′38″N90°11′52″N
name	Peter Cincotti
background	solo_singer
birth date	July 11, 1983
origin	New York City, New York, USA
instrument	Vocals, piano
genre	Jazz, Pop
label	Concord Records143/Reprise/Warner Bros. Records
website	Official Web Site
notable instruments	PianoVocals}}

Peter Cincotti (born July 11, 1983, New York City) is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. He attended the Horace Mann School and Columbia University.

Biography

Cincotti started playing a toy piano at the age of three. While in high school, he regularly performed at clubs throughout Manhattan and performed at the White House. At the 2000 Montreux Jazz Festival, he won an award for a rendition of Dizzy Gillespie's "A Night in Tunisia." In 2002, he reached No. 1 on the ''Billboard'' Traditional jazz Charts, the youngest solo artist to do so to date.

Cincotti appeared in a small role in the 2004 Bobby Darin biopic ''Beyond the Sea'' and contributed to the film's soundtrack. He also had a small role as the Piano Player in the Hayden Planetarium in ''Spider-Man 2''. His song "December Boys" is featured in the 2007 film ''December Boys'', starring Daniel Radcliffe.

His self-titled debut album is a compilation of traditional jazz songs, while his second album, ''On the Moon'', featured some of the artist's own songs. His latest work, ''East of Angel Town'', features all original works by the artist and was released in 2007 in Europe and in January 2009 in USA.

This new work began when Cincotti teamed up with producer David Foster (who signed him to a new contract on his Reprise/Warner Bros.-distributed 143 Records), producer Humberto Gatica, and producer/sound designer Jochem van der Saag.

Discography

2003 - ''Peter Cincotti'' (USA #118)

2003 - ''My favorite time of Year''

2004 - ''On the Moon'' (ITA #35, FRA #21, USA #128)

2007 - ''East of Angel Town'' (#SWI 22 , #ITA 65, FRA #16, BEL #26)

Singles

2007 - ''Goodbye Philadelphia'' (FRA #21, AT #10, CH #10, GER #68)

2008 - ''Angel Town''

2008 - ''December Boys''

DVD and video

''Peter Cincotti: Live in New York'' (2004)

External links

Goodbye Philadelphia - video from ''East of Angel Town''

Promotional video for ''East of Angel Town''

Category:1983 births Category:American male singers Category:American pianists Category:Columbia University alumni Category:Horace Mann School alumni Category:Italian American Category:Living people Category:Musicians from New York Category:People from New York City

de:Peter Cincotti fr:Peter Cincotti it:Peter Cincotti nl:Peter Cincotti pl:Peter Cincotti pt:Peter Cincotti

Coordinates	38°37′38″N90°11′52″N
name	Jana Kramer
birth date	December 02, 1983
birth place	Detroit, Michigan, USA
occupation	Actress, singer
yearsactive	2002–present
othername	Jana Rae
spouse	Johnathon Schaech (July 4th, 2010–August 9, 2010) separated }}

Jana Rae Kramer (born December 2, 1983) is an American actress and country music singer.

Career

Kramer played Noelle Davenport on ''Friday Night Lights'' and Portia Ranson on ''90210''. She played a sorority girl interested in Turtle in ''Entourage''. In 2009, Kramer signed on to become a series regular in The CW's ''One Tree Hill'' as Alex, an actress who becomes the new face of Brooke's fashion line, "Clothes Over Bros". In February 2011, Kramer signed with Warner Bros. Nashville Records. Her first single, "I Won't Give Up", was released to country radio in February 2011 and was featured on an episode of ''One Tree Hill''. Despite failing to chart on the ''Billboard'' Hot Country Songs chart, the song reached number 75 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100.

Personal life

On December 22, 2009, Kramer got engaged to Johnathon Schaech. The couple met on the set of the movie ''Prom Night'' and appeared as a couple in ''Laid to Rest''. They wed on July 4, 2010 in Michigan. On August 9, 2010, it was announced that Kramer and Schaech had divorced after a little over a month of marriage.

Filmography

''All My Children'' ''Blue Demon'' ''Click (2006 film) ''Boxboarders!'' ''Prom Night (2008 film) ''90210 (TV series) ''One Tree Hill (TV series)

Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
2002	''Dead/Undead''	Alice St. James
rowspan="3"	2003	|	Unknown	(Unknown episodes, Uncredited)
''The Passage''	Bartender at Alvin's
''Blood Games''	Mistress Tiamat
rowspan="2"	2005	|	Carrie
''Return of the Living Dead: Necropolis''	Katie Williams
rowspan="3"	2006	Click''||	Julie
''CSI: Crime Scene Investigation''	Unknown
''CSI: NY''	Paige Rowand
rowspan="2"	2007	|	Victoria
''Friday Night Lights (TV series)	Friday Night Lights''	Noelle Davenport
rowspan="6"	2008	Prom Night''||	April
''Approaching Midnight''	Aspen
''Can You Duet''	Herself
''Bar Starz''	Ryann
''Grey's Anatomy''	Lola
''The Poker Club''	Trudy
2008–2009	90210''||	Portia Ranson	(6 episodes-"The Jet Set", "That Which We Destroy", "Hello, Goodbye, Amen", "Love Me or Leave Me", "Between a Sign and a Hard Place", "The Party's Over")
rowspan="5"	2009	One Tree Hill''||	Alex	(2009–present)
''Private Practice (TV series)	Private Practice''	Lyla
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Discography

Singles

Year	Single	Chart Positions	Album
!width=45
		75
	99

References

External links

Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:American television actors Category:American country singers Category:Warner Bros. Records artists

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Coordinates	38°37′38″N90°11′52″N
Name	Charles Edward Stuart
Title	"Charles III"
Imgw	220
Succession	Jacobite pretender
Reign	1 January 1766 – 31 January 1788
Reign-type	Pretendence
Predecessor	''James III and VIII''
Successor	''Henry IX''
Spouse	Louise of Stolberg-Gedern
Religion	Roman Catholic
Issue	Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany (illegitimate)
Full name	Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Silvester Severino Maria Stuart
Royal house	House of Stuart
Father	''James III''
Mother	Maria Klementyna Sobieska
Birth date	December 31, 1720
Birth place	Palazzo Muti, Rome
Death date	January 31, 1788
Death place	Palazzo Muti, Rome
Place of burial	St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City }}

Prince Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Sylvester Severino Maria Stuart (31 December 1720 – 31 January 1788) commonly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie or The Young Pretender was the second Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. This claim was as the eldest son of James Francis Edward Stuart, and grandson of James II and VII. Charles is perhaps best known as the instigator of the unsuccessful Jacobite uprising of 1745, in which he led an insurrection which ended in defeat at the Battle of Culloden that effectively ended the Jacobite cause. Charles's flight from Scotland after the uprising has rendered him a romantic figure of heroic failure in later representations. In 1759 he was involved in a French plan to invade the British Isles which was abandoned following British naval victories.

Early life

Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Sylvester Severino Maria Stuart was born in Rome, Italy, on 31 December 1720, where his father had been given a residence by Pope Clement XI. He spent almost all his childhood in Rome and Bologna. Prince Charles Edward was the son of the Old Pretender, James Francis Edward Stuart, son of exiled Stuart King, James II & VII and his second wife Mary of Modena.

His childhood in Rome was one of privilege, being brought up Catholic in a loving but argumentative family. Being the last legitimate heirs of the House of Stuart, his family lived with a sense of pride and staunchly believed in the Divine Right of Kings. The talk of regaining the thrones of England and Scotland for the Stuarts was a constant topic of conversation in the household, principally reflected in his father's often morose and combative moods.

His grandfather, James II of England and VII of Scotland, had ruled the country from 1685 to 1689, at which time he was deposed by the Dutch Protestant, William of Orange, in the Revolution of 1688. James II had aimed to bring England back into the Catholic fold and, in the process, had irritated and alarmed the powerful statesmen of the day. Since the exile of James II, the 'Jacobite Cause' had striven to return the Stuarts to the thrones of England and Scotland, in 1707 united as Great Britain. Prince Charles Edward was to play a major part in the pursuit of this ultimate goal.

The young Prince was trained in the military arts from an early age. In 1734, he observed the French and Spanish siege of Gaeta, his first exposure to the art of war. His father managed to obtain the renewed support of the French government in 1744; and Charles Edward travelled to France with the sole purpose of commanding a French army, which he would lead in an invasion of England. The invasion never materialised, because the invasion fleet was scattered by a storm. By the time the fleet had regrouped, the British fleet had realised the diversion that had deceived them and had retaken their position in the Channel. Undeterred, Charles Edward was determined to carry on in his quest for the restoration of the Stuarts.

The 'Forty-Five'

In December 1743, Charles's father named him Prince Regent, giving him authority to act in his name. Eighteen months later, he led a rising to restore his father to his thrones. Charles raised funds to fit out two ships: the ''Elisabeth'', an old man-of-war of 66 guns, and the ''Doutelle'' (le ''Du Teillay'') a small frigate of 16 guns, which successfully landed him and seven companions at Eriskay on 23 July 1745. Charles had hoped for support from a French fleet, but it was badly damaged by storms, and he was left to raise an army in Scotland. The Jacobite cause was still supported by many Highland clans, both Catholic and Protestant. Charles hoped for a warm welcome from these clans to start an insurgency by Jacobites throughout Britain, and the Highland clans indeed provided him with a warm welcome. Charles raised his father's standard at Glenfinnan and gathered a force large enough to enable him to march on Edinburgh. The city quickly surrendered. On 21 September 1745, he defeated the only government army in Scotland at the Battle of Prestonpans. The government army was led by General John Cope, and their disastrous defence against the Jacobites is immortalised in the song 'Johnnie Cope'. By November, Charles was marching south at the head of approximately 6,000 men. Having taken Carlisle, Charles's army progressed as far as Swarkestone Bridge in Derbyshire. Here, despite the objections of the Prince, the decision was made by his council to return to Scotland, largely because of rumours of a large government force being amassed. The Jacobites marched north once more, winning several more battles. The reports of a government army turned out to have been false, but Charles's retreat gave the English time to muster an actual army. The Jacobites were pursued by King George II's son, the Duke of Cumberland, who caught up with them at the Battle of Culloden on 16 April 1746. Ignoring the advice of his best commander, Lord George Murray, Charles chose to fight on flat, open, marshy ground where his forces would be exposed to superior government firepower. Charles commanded his army from a position behind his lines, where he could not see what was happening. Hoping Cumberland's army would attack first, he had his men stand exposed to Hanoverian artillery. Seeing the error in this, he quickly ordered an attack, but the messenger was killed before the order could be delivered. The Jacobite attack, charging into the teeth of musket fire and grapeshot fired from the cannons, was uncoordinated and met with little success.

The Jacobites broke through the bayonets of the redcoats in one place, but they were shot down by a second line of soldiers, and the survivors fled. Cumberland's troops committed numerous atrocities as they hunted for the defeated Jacobite soldiers, earning him the title "the Butcher" from the Highlanders. Murray managed to lead a group of Jacobites to Ruthven, intending to continue the fight. However Charles, believing himself betrayed, had decided to abandon the Jacobite cause. James, the Chevalier de Johnstone, acted as Murray's Aide de Camp during the campaign and, for a brief spell, the Young Pretender's. He gives a first-hand account of these events in his "Memoir of the Rebellion 1745–1746".

Charles's subsequent flight has become the stuff of legend and is commemorated in the popular folk song "The Skye Boat Song" (lyrics 1884, tune traditional) and also the old Irish song ''Mo Ghile Mear'' by Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill. Hiding in the moors of Scotland, he travelled about, always barely ahead of the government forces. Though many Highlanders saw Charles, and indeed aided him, none of them betrayed him for the £30,000 reward offered. Assisted by such loyal supporters as Flora MacDonald, who helped him escape pursuers on the Isle of Skye by taking him in a small boat disguised as her Irish maid, "Betty Burke," he evaded capture and left the country aboard the French frigate ''L'Heureux'', arriving back in France in September. The cause of the Stuarts now lost, the remainder of his life was — with a brief exception — spent in exile.

Exile

While back in France, Charles had numerous affairs; the one with his first cousin Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne, wife of Jules, Prince of Guéméné, resulted in a short-lived son Charles (1748–1749). In 1748 Charles was expelled from France under the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle which brought the war between Britain and France to an end.

Charles lived for several years in exile with his Scottish mistress, Clementina Walkinshaw, whom he met, and may have begun a relationship with, during the 1745 rebellion. In 1753, the couple had a daughter, Charlotte. Charles's inability to cope with the collapse of the cause led to his problem with drink, and mother and daughter left Charles with James's connivance. Charlotte went on to have three illegitimate children with Ferdinand, an ecclesiastical member of the Rohan family. Their only son was Charles Edward Stuart, Count Roehenstart. Charlotte was suspected by many of Charles's supporters of being a spy planted by the Hanoverian government of Great Britain.

After his defeat, Charles indicated to the remaining supporters of the Jacobite cause in England that, accepting the impossibility of his recovering the English and Scots crowns while he remained a Roman Catholic, he was willing to commit himself to reigning as a Protestant. Accordingly, he visited London incognito in 1750 and conformed to the Protestant faith by receiving Anglican communion, likely at one of the remaining non-juring chapels. Bishop Robert Gordon, a staunch Jacobite whose house in Theobald's Row was one of Charles's safe-houses for the visit is the most likely to have performed the communion, and a chapel in Gray's Inn was suggested as the venue as early as 1788 [Gentleman's Magazine, 1788]. This refuted David Hume's suggestion that it was a church in the Strand. Unusually, the news of this conversion was not advertised widely, and Charles had seemingly returned to the Roman Catholic faith by the time of his marriage.

In 1759, at the height of the Seven Years War, Charles was summoned to a meeting in Paris with the French foreign minister, the Duc De Choiseul. Charles failed to make a good impression, being argumentative and idealistic in his expectations. Choiseul was planning a full-scale invasion of England, involving upwards of 100,000 men—to which he hoped to add a number of Jacobites led by Charles. However, he was so little impressed with Charles, he dismissed the prospect of Jacobite assistance. The French invasion, which was Charles's last realistic chance to recover the British throne for the Stuart dynasty, was ultimately thwarted by naval defeats at Quiberon Bay and Lagos. In 1766, Charles's father died. Pope Clement XIII had recognised James as King of England, Scotland, and Ireland as "James III and VIII" but did not give Charles the same recognition.

In 1772, Charles married Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern. They lived first in Rome but, in 1774, moved to Florence where Charles began to use the title "Count of Albany" as an alias. This title is frequently used for him in European publications; his wife Louise is almost always called "Countess of Albany".

In 1780, Louise left Charles. She claimed that Charles had physically abused her; this claim was generally believed by contemporaries even though Louise was already involved in an adulterous relationship with the Italian poet, Count Vittorio Alfieri.

The claims by two 19th century charlatans—Charles and John Allen alias John Sobieski Stuart and Charles Edward Stuart—that their father, Thomas Allen, was a legitimate son of Charles and Louise are without foundation.

In 1783, Charles signed an act of legitimation for his illegitimate daughter Charlotte, born in 1753 to Clementina Walkinshaw (later known as Countess von Alberstrof). Charles also gave Charlotte the title "Duchess of Albany" in the peerage of Scotland and the style "Her Royal Highness", but these honours did not give Charlotte any right of succession to the throne. Charlotte lived with her father in Florence and Rome for the next five years.

Charles died in Rome on 31 January 1788. He was first buried in the Cathedral of Frascati, where his brother Henry Benedict Stuart was bishop. At Henry's death in 1807, Charles's remains were moved to the crypt of Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican where they were laid to rest next to those of his brother and his father. His mother is also buried in Saint Peter's Basilica.

When the body of Charles Stuart was transferred to Saint Peter's Basilica, his "praecordia" were left in Frascati Cathedral: a small urn encloses the heart of Charles, placed beneath the floor below the funerary monument.

Arms

During his pretence as Prince of Wales, Charles claimed a coat of arms consisting of those of the kingdom, differenced by a ''label argent of three points''.

Ancestry

{{ahnentafel-compact5 |style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; |border=1 |boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. Charles Edward Stuart |2= 2. James Francis Edward Stuart |3= 3. Maria Klementyna Sobieska |4= 4. James II of England |5= 5. Mary of Modena |6= 6. Jakub Ludwik Sobieski |7= 7. Countess Palatine Hedwig Elisabeth Amelia of Neuburg |8= 8. Charles I of England |9= 9. Princess Henrietta Maria of France |10= 10. Alfonso IV d'Este, Duke of Modena |11= 11. Laura Martinozzi |12= 12. John III Sobieski |13= 13. Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien |14= 14. Philipp Wilhelm, Elector Palatine |15= 15. Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt |16= 16. James I of England |17= 17. Princess Anne of Denmark |18= 18. Henry IV of France |19= 19. Marie de' Medici |20= 20. Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena |21= 21. Maria Farnese |22= 22. Hieronymus Martinozzi |23= 23. Laura Margherita Mazzarini |24= 24. Jakub Sobieski |25= 25. Zofia Teofillia Daniłowicz |26= 26. Henri Albert de La Grange d'Arquien |27= 27. Françoise de La Châtre |28= 28. Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg |29= 29. Magdalene of Bavaria |30= 30. George II, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt |31= 31. Sophia Eleonore of Saxony }}

In popular culture

Two biographical films have been made about Charles. In 1923, a British silent film, ''Bonnie Prince Charlie'', featured Ivor Novello in the title role. In 1948, another eponymous film was made with David Niven playing the role.

Peter Watkins' 1964 ''Culloden'', with Olivier Espitalier-Noel as the Prince, presents the battle through the eyes of a documentary crew as though they were actually present. The film utilises a number of other dramatic devices to create a tense realistic interpretation of the event. Similarly, the 1994 film ''Chasing the Deer'' depicts the 1745 Jacobite rebellion from the point of view of the commoners caught in the struggle. The Prince, played by Dominique Carrara, makes a brief appearance in the movie and is never actually seen by any of the commoners fighting for his cause.

A 1970 drama-documentary about the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome, ''Upon this Rock'', featured Dirk Bogarde as the older Prince.

Scottish author Sir Walter Scott featured Charles and the 1745 Jacobite uprising in his popular 1814 novel ''Waverley''.

American author Diana Gabaldon's ''Outlander'' series depicts the Bonnie Prince in the first three of her seven novels, ''Outlander'', ''Dragonfly in Amber'' and ''Voyager''.

D.K. Broster's Jacobite Trilogy, beginning with ''The Flight of the Heron'' (1920), also depicts the uprising.

''The Maiden'', Volume 8 of ''The Morland Dynasty'', a series of historical novels by author Cynthia Harrod-Eagles, covers this period of history, seen through the eyes of the fictional Morland family.

The television series ''Highlander'' features two episodes with the series' main protagonist, Duncan MacLeod, aiding the Bonnie Prince's campaigns. "Take Back The Night" depicts the Prince's escape into exile, and "Through a Glass Darkly" depicts him in the aftermath of the failed campaigns, a broken, often drunken man.

The German metal band Grave Digger released ''Tunes of War'' in 1997, a concept album about the history of Scotland. On the album Bonnie Prince Charles is mentioned by name in the song "Rebellion (The Clans Are Marching)".

Scottish vocal duo, The Corries popularised the folk song, ''The Skye Boat Song'', which told of The Bonnie Prince's escape from the Scottish Highlands after the ''Battle of Culloden.''

Lillian de la Torre wrote two stories in her Samuel Johnson series featuring meetings between Johnson and "The Young Pretender." In "Prince Charlie's Ruby," written in the 1940s and set in 1773, she has the two meeting in the Hebrides and Johnson helping the prince find a lost gem, with Johnson thrilled about meeting the prince and Flora MacDonald. But with "Coronation Story," written in the 1970s, she also has Johnson and the prince meeting in 1761 when Charles Stuart secretly attends the coronation of George III, violating her own continuity.

See also

Charles Edward Stuart's Flight

Monument to the Royal Stuarts

"Óró Sé do Bheatha 'Bhaile" (Irish supporters' song)

Prince Charlie's Targe

Touch pieces

References

;Notes

;Bibliography

Chidsey, Donald Barr. ''Bonnie Prince Charlie''. London: Williams & Norgate, 1928.

Daiches, David. ''Charles Edward Stuart: The Life and Times of Bonnie Prince Charlie''. London: Thames & Hudson, 1973.

Douglas, Hugh. ''Charles Edward Stuart''. London: Hale, 1975.

Kybett, Susan M. ''Bonnie Prince Charlie: A Biography of Charles Edward Stuart''. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1988.

McLynn, Frank. ''1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World''. London: Pimlico, 2005

McLynn, Frank. ''Charles Edward Stuart: A Tragedy in Many Acts''. London: Routledge, 1988.

McLynn, Frank. ''The Jacobites''. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985.

External links

McFerran, Noel S. ''Charles III''

''Charles Edward Stuart, 1720–1788''

''Ascanius; or, the Young Adventurer''

''Prince Charles Edward Stuart National Galleries of Scotland''

''Oró Sé do Bheatha 'Bhaile video A song for the second Jacobite rising

Category:1720 births Category:1788 deaths Category:British people of Polish descent Category:Earls in the Jacobite peerage Charles Edward Charles Edward Stuart Category:Peers created by James Francis Edward Stuart Category:People from Rome (city) Category:People of the Jacobite Rising of 1745 Charles Edward Stuart Category:Scottish Roman Catholics Category:Collections of Derby Museum and Art Gallery

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